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. 2020 Oct 9;22(10):e19179. doi: 10.2196/19179

Table 2.

Evidence synthesis of measurement properties for each patient-reported outcome measure.

PROMa Number of studies PROM development Content validity Structural validity Internal consistency Cross-cultural validity/measurement invariance Reliability Measurement error Criterion validity Hypotheses testing for construct validity Responsiveness
Adult Asthma Adherence Questionnaire 1 0b ?c/Bd ?/B −e/Cf 0 0 0 0 −/B +g/B
Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group 8 0 ?/Dh ?/B +/Ai 0 0 0 0 ±j/C +/C
Antidepressant Adherence Scale 1 D ?/D 0 −/D 0 0 0 0 −/C 0
Adherence Barrier Questionnaire 2 D 0 ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 −/B 0
Adherence tool for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia 1 D 0 0 −/C 0 0 0 0 −/D −/D
Adherence Evaluation of Osteoporosis Treatment Questionnaire-12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/A +/A
Antipsychotic Medication Beliefs and Attitudes Scale 1 D +/C −/B +/A 0 0 0 0 +/B 0
Adherence to Pulmonary Rehabilitation Questionnaire 1 C +/C ?/B +/D 0 0 0 0 0 0
ARMSk 1 C +/C ?/B +/A 0 ?/C 0 0 +/B 0
ARMS-7 1 0 ?/C −/A +/A 0 +/B 0 0 0 0
ASKl-12 1 0 0 ?/B +/A 0 +/B 0 0 +/A 0
ASK-20 3 B +/B ?/B +/D 0 +/B 0 0 ±/A −/B
Attitudes to mesalamine questionnaire 1 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/A +/A
Adherence self-report questionnaire 1 0 +/C 0 0 0 −/D 0 0 0 −/B
Axelsson et alm [39] 1 D 0 ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 +/C 0
Basel Assessment of Adherence to Immunosuppressive Medications Scale 1 0 +/B ?/B +/D —n +/A 0 0 +/B 0
Brief Evaluation of Medication Influences and Beliefs 1 D ?/D ?/C −/D 0 ?/D 0 0 −/D +/C
Beliefs Related to Medication Adherence 1 D ?/D ?/D +/D 0 0 0 0 +/D 0
Brief Medication Adherence Scale 1 D 0 ?/B ?/D 0 +/B 0 0 +/C 0
Beliefs about Medication Compliance Scale 1 D +/C ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brief Medication Questionnaire 4 D ?/C 0 0 0 +/B 0 0 +/B +/C
Center for Adherence Support Evaluation Adherence Index 2 0 0 0 0 0n ?/D 0 0 +/B −/B
Chronic Disease Compliance Instrument 3 A +/A ?/B +/B —n 0 0 0 −/B 0
CEAT-VIH 1 0 +/B 0 +/D 0 0 0 0 +/C 0
Chaiyachatiet alm [40] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −/C
Compliance assessment 1 0 0 0 ?/D 0 0 0 0 +/B 0
Cohort Study of Medication Adherence Among Older Adults self-report tool 1 D 0 ?/D 0 0 0 0 0 +/B +/B
CQRo 4 B +/B ?/B +/A 0n ±/B 0 0 ±/B +/A
CQR-5 1 0 +/A +/D +/A 0 0 0 0 +/B −/B
Da et alm [41] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −/C −/B
DAIp 1 D 0 0 +/D 0 ?/D 0 0 +/B 0
DAI-10 2 0 0 0 +/C 0 0 0 0 ±/A −/B
DAI-9 1 0 0 ?/C 0 0 −/D 0 0 −/D 0
Diagnostic Adherence to Medication Scale 1 B +/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/A 0
Demirtas et alm [42] 1 B +/B ?/A +/A 0 ?/C 0 0 +/C 0
Danish version of Medication Adherence Report Scale-4 1 0 ?/D 0 +/C 0 0 0 0 −/D 0
Diabetes Management Questionnaire 1 D ?/C 0 +/A 0 −/C 0 0 +/B 0
Diabetes Medication Self-efficacy Scale 2 D +/B ?/B +/D 0n +/B 0 0 +/C −/B
Environmental Barriers to Adherence Scale 1 0 0 0 +/A 0 ?/D 0 0 +/D 0
Eye-Drop Satisfaction Questionnaire 2 D +/C ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 ?/C 0
End-Stage Renal Disease Adherence Questionnaire 2 D +/B 0 0 0n +/C 0 0 −/B 0
Every Visit Adherence Questionnaire 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/D 0
Five-dimension adherence model 1 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/A
Fredericksen et alm [249] 1 C +/A 0 0 0 +/A 0 0 0 0
General adherence tendency measure 1 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −/B −/B
General Medicine Adherence Scale 3 C +/B +/A +/A 0n ±/B 0 0 +/B +/C
Godin et alm [43] 2 C ?/C 0 0 0 0 0 0 −/C +/C
GTCATq 1 D ?/B ?/D −/B 0 ?/D 0 0 +/B 0
GTCAT (reduced) 2 0 ?/B −/C −/A 0 +/B 0 0 −/B 0
Hill-Bone Scale 5 B +/A ?/B +/B 0n 0 0 0 +/A 0
Hill-Bone Scale (modified) 1 0 ?/C 0 −/D 0n 0 0 0 0 0
HIV Intention Measure 1 C +/B ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 +/C 0
HIV Symptom Quality of Life Adherence Questionnaire 1 D 0 ?/B +/C 0 0 0 0 +/B 0
Iraqi Anti-Diabetic Medication Adherence Scale 1 C ?/C 0 +/B 0n ?/C 0 0 +/B +/C
Item Response Theory-30 1 B +/B ?/B 0 0 0 0 0 ?/C +/B
Immunosuppressant Therapy Adherence Scale 2 0 0 ?/B +/D 0n 0 0 0 ±/B 0
Immunosuppressant Therapy Barrier Scale 1 C +/B ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 +/A +/A
Kennedy et alm [44] 1 D +/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kerr et alm [45] 1 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −/D −/D
Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-10 1 B +/B ?/B 0 0 0 0 0 ?/C +/B
Long-Term Medication Behaviour Self-Efficacy Scale 1 D ?/D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Modified Drug Adherence Work-up Tool 2 0 ?/D ?/D +/D 0 0 0 0 −/B +/B
Medication Adherence Questionnaire 1 D ?/D 0 +/D 0n +/D 0 0 0 0
MAR-Scaler 1 C ?/D ?/B −/A 0 −/D 0 0 +/D 0
MAR-Scale (revised) 2 B +/B ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 +/B 0
MARSs 8 D +/D ?/B ±/A 0n ?/D 0 0 ±/B ±/B
MARS-10 1 0 ?/D ?/B +/A 0n 0 0 0 +/B +/B
MARS-5 8 0 +/B ?/B +/B 0n ±/B 0 0 ±/A ±/B
MARS-9 2 0 +/B ?/B +/A 0 −/B 0 0 ±/B 0
MASESt 2 D +/A ?/B +/A 0 −/D 0 0 ±/A 0
MASES-R 1 0 0 ?/B +/D 0 −/C 0 0 −/B 0
Medication Adherence Self-Report Inventory 6 D 0 0 +/B 0 +/D 0 0 +/A +/A
Medication adherence scale 1 D +/C −/A +/A 0 0 0 0 −/B 0
Medication adherence survey 1 B +/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/D 0
Medication Adherence Estimation and Differentiation Scale 1 C ?/B +/A +/A 0 0 0 0 +/D −/A
Medication Intake Survey-Asthma 1 B +/B 0 0 0 −/B 0 0 +/B 0
MMASu-4 18 0 +/C ?/B −/B 0 ±/B 0 0 ±/A −/B
MMAS-7 1 0 0 0 0 0n 0 0 0 +/B 0
MMAS-8 27 0 +/B ±/A ±/A 0n +/B 0 0 ±/A −/B
MMAS-9 1 0 0 +/A −/A 0 ?/C 0 0 −/B 0
Medication Nonpersistence Scale 1 C ?/C +/A +/D 0 0 0 0 +/C −/D
Medical Outcomes Study General Adherence Scale 1 0 0 0 +/D 0 0 0 0 −/C 0
Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Adherence Questionnaire 1 C ?/B 0 −/A 0 0 0 0 +/A 0
Outcome Expectations for Osteoporosis Medication Adherence Scale 2 D +/B ±/A +/A 0 0 0 0 −/C 0
Perceived Barriers to Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Scale 1 B +/C ?/B ?/C 0n −/C 0 0 +/C 0
Pictographic Self-Efficacy Scale 1 D +/B 0 −/A 0 −/D 0 0 −/B 0
Patient Rating of Compliance Scale 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/B 0
Patient Preference Questionnaire 1 D +/D 0 +/D 0 0 0 0 0 0
Probabilistic Medication Adherence Scale 1 C ±/C −/A +/C 0 0 0 0 0 0
Number of pills taken or prescribed 2 0 0 0 ?/D 0 −/D 0 0 ±/C 0
Questionnaire for Adherence with Topical Treatments in Psoriasis 1 D +/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±/D 0
Question of Interest 1 0 ?/D 0 0 0 0 0 0 −/D −/D
SCIv 2 0 ?/C +/A 0 0 −/B 0 0 ±/A −/B
SCI-R 1 0 +/B ?/B +/A 0n ?/D 0 0 +/D +/D
Strathclyde Compliance Risk Assessment Tool 2 0 0 0 +/B 0 0 0 0 +/B +/B
Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±/C 0
Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Adherence Scale 3 B +/B ?/B +/A 0 +/A 0 0 ±/A 0
Self-efficacy scale 1 D ?/B ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 ?/D 0
Self-report measures of adherence 1 0 0 0 0 0 ?/B 0 0 +/B 0
Self-report on adherence 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −/C +/C
Self-Efficacy for Osteoporosis Medication Adherence Scale 2 D +/B −/A +/A 0 0 0 0 +/C 0
Self-Reported Adherence Questionnaire 1 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 ?/D 0
Satisfaction with Iron Chelation Therapy 1 B +/B ?/B +/A 0 0 0 0 +/A 0
Sidorkiewicz et alm [46] 1 B +/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/C 0
Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire 2 D ?/C 0 +/C 0 +/A 0 0 +/B −/A
Stages of Change Model Questionnaire 2 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/C 0
Special Projects of National Significance Adherence Survey 1 0 0 0 +/D 0 0 0 0 +/C 0
Self-Rating Scale Item 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +/C +/C
Test of Adherence to Inhalers 1 B ?/B ?/B +/D 0 +/A 0 0 −/C −/A
Tan et al [47] 1 C ?/C ?/B +/A 0 +/A 0 0 +/B 0
Treatment Adherence Survey-Patient Version 1 D 0 0 0 0 +/B 0 0 −/C 0
Therapeutic Adherence Scale for Hypertensive Patients 1 0 0 +/A +/A 0 0 0 0 +/B −/B
Topical Therapy Adherence Questionnaire 1 D +/D 0 +/D 0 0 0 0 0 0
Turcu-știolică et alm [48] 1 D +/D 0 −/D 0 0 0 0 −/D 0
Visual analog scale 4 0 0 0 0 0 −/D 0 0 +/B 0
Validated Hemophilia Regimen Treatment Adherence Scale—On-Demand 1 D +/D 0 +/B 0 +/B 0 0 ±/B 0
Validated Hemophilia Regimen Treatment Regimen Treatment Adherence Scale-Prophylaxis 1 D +/D 0 +/C 0 +/C 0 0 −/C 0
Voils et alm [49] 4 C +/B +/A +/A 0n −/A 0 0 ±/A −/B
Vreeman et alm [50] 2 C ?/C 0 0 0n 0 0 0 −/C −/C
Web-Ad-Q Questionnaire 1 C +/C 0 0 0 +/D 0 0 +/C 0
Wilson et alm [51] 3 B +/B 0 +/A 0 0 0 0 +/D −/A

aPROM: patient-reported outcome measurement.

b0: Measurement properties were not assessed by the study.

c?: intermediate.

dB: moderate.

e−: insufficient.

fC: low.

g+: sufficient.

hD: very low.

iA: high.

j±: inconsistent.

kARMS: Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale.

lASK: Adherence Starts with Knowledge questionnaire.

mPROMs without proper names are labeled based on the last name of the first author who developed the instrument.

nOnly translation was done. Cross-cultural validation was not the aim of the study.

oCQR: Compliance Questionnaire on Rheumatology.

pDAI: Drug Attitude Inventory.

qGTCAT: Glaucoma Treatment Compliance Assessment Tool.

rMAR-Scale: Medication Adherence Reasons Scale.

sMARS: Medication Adherence Rating Scale.

tMASES: Medication Adherence Self-efficacy Scale.

uMMAS: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.

vSCI: Self-Care Inventory.