Table 2.
Electrochemistry-based sensors for PSA, CEA, and AFP detection.
| Target | Strategy | LoD | Linear range | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSA | EM | 2 pg/mL | 3 pg/mL-60 ng/mL | [28] |
| EM | 1 pg/mL | 100 pg/mL-100 ng/mL | [40] | |
| EM | — | 0.1 pg/mL-0.1 mg/mL | [64] | |
| EM | 0.29 pg/mL | 1 pg/mL-10 ng/mL | [30] | |
| EM | 0.03 pg/mL | 0.1 pg/mL-10 ng/mL | [49] | |
| EM | 0.03 pg/mL | 0.1 pg/mL-100 ng/mL | [50] | |
| EM | 0.25 fg/mL@SWSV 3.04 fg/mL@DPSV |
— | [48] | |
| BD | 15 fg/mL | — | [99] | |
| DS | 100 fg/mL | — | [105] | |
| DS | 0.31 pg/mL | 0.001 ng/mL−100 ng/mL | [115] | |
| DS | 16.6 fg/mL | 50 fg/mL-40 ng/mL | [113] | |
| DS | 1 ng/mL | 1 ng/mL-100 ng/mL | [114] | |
| DS | 2.6 pg/mL | 5 pg/mL-50 ng/mL | [116] | |
| DS | 17 fg/mL | 0.05 pg/mL-100 pg/mL | [112] | |
|
| ||||
| CEA | EM | 0.5 pg/mL | 0.025 ng/mL–25 ng/mL | [42] |
| EM | 0.23 ng/mL | 1.0 ng/mL-25.0 ng/mL | [35] | |
| EM | 8 pg/mL | 12 pg/mL-85 ng/mL | [28] | |
| EM | — | 0.05 pg/mL-1.25 pg/mL | [70] | |
| EM | 1.4 pg/mL | 0.005 ng/mL-20 ng/mL | [43] | |
| BD | 1.8 pg/mL | — | [93] | |
| BD | 1.90 fg/mL | 2 fg/mL-500 fg/mL | [100] | |
|
| ||||
| AFP | EM | 3 pg/mL | 0.01 ng/mL-100 ng/mL | [26] |
| EM | 0.096 ng/mL | 0.8 ng/mL-10 μg/mL | [69] | |
| BD | 0.3 pg/mL | — | [93] | |
| BD | 1.36 fg/mL | 2 fg/mL-500 fg/mL | [100] | |
| BD | 122.4 fg/mL | 136 fg/mL-34 pg/mL | [96] | |
| BD | 0.2 pg/mL | 0.4 pg/mL-40 ng/mL | [98] | |
| DS | 0.33 pg/mL | 1 pg/mL-20 ng/mL | [103] | |
| DS | 0.01 pg/mL | 0.02 pg/mL-10 ng/mL | [108] | |
| DS | 6.7 fg/mL | 20 fg/mL-100 ng/mL | [110] | |
EM: electrode modification; BD: biomarker decoration; DS: double strategies.