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Restoration of cell surface positive charge is independent of acidic amino acids in the extracellular sensor loop of GraS during growth at acidic pH. Cultures were grown to an OD600 of 0.5 in TSB or TSB (pH 5.5) and then processed for assay of cytochrome c binding. Each data point represents the mean ± SE from three replicate determinations from each of three cultures. Statistical significance was measured using two-way ANOVA. ****, P < 0.0001; n.s., not significant.
