Table 2.

Animal AKI models

Author, year	Animals	Training programme	Method of inducing AKI	Pre or Post Exercise training?	Results
de Lima [23], 2019	Male Wistar Rats	4-week training programme (5 days a week)	Ischaemia-reperfusion injury	Post	↓blood urea, ↓urinary protein, ↓plasma creatinine, ↓apoptosis, ↓tubular injury, ↓tubular cells degenerative injury, ↑cell regeneration.
Francescato [27], 2018	Male Wistar Rats	4-week (5 days a week; combination of easy and moderate aerobic training	Cisplatin	Post	↓Plasma creatinine, ↓urinary volume, ↓sodium and potassium fractional excretion, ↑urine osmolality, ↓lesions, ↓macrophages, ↓ vimentin, α-sma expression, ↓vascular endothelial growth factor, ↑Nitric oxide
Miyagi [25], 2014	C57Bl6 male mice	6-week training programme	Cisplatin	Post	↓Serum creatinine, ↔apoptosis, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-10, ↑IL-6, ↔Nrf2, ↑ HO-1.
Miyagi [26], 2018	C57Bl6 male mice,	6-week training programme	Cisplatin	Post	↓Serum creatinine, ↓Kim-1, ↑CD4 + CD69+, ↓CD4 + CD25+, IL-10↓, TNF↓
Oliveira [24], 2017	Male Wistar Rats	30 days of moderate treadmill running (60 min/day for 5 days a week).	Gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day) for 10 days	Pre	↑Urinary, ↓plasma lipid peroxidation, ↓urinary lipid peroxidation, ↓kidney lipid peroxidation, ↑anti-oxidants (catalase & glutathione).
Sossdorf [29], 2013	C57BL/6 N male mice	6 weeks of treadmill running	Sepsis	Pre	↓ creatinine, ↓ BUN, ↓IL-10, ↓ TNF -α, ↓ monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, ↓ NGAL, ↓histological tubular damage
Zeynali [28], 2015	Male Wistar Rats	8-week treadmill training programme (one hour per day/five days per week)	Cisplatin	Post and During	↓Serum blood urea nitrogen, ↓serum creatinine, ↓kidney tissue damage, ↓kidney weight, ↓kidney nitrite, ↓serum nitrite ↓kidney malondialdehyde, ↓serum malondialdehyde