Table 1.
Odds Ratio and 95% CI of EBV VCA-IgA (Seropositivity Versus Seronegativity) With Personal UVR Exposure in Hong Kong, China 2014–2017
| Number of EBV VCA-IgA Status | Age- and Sex-Adjusted Model | Multivariable Adjusted Modela | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Positive | Negative | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| Daily Mean UV Index at the Date of Blood Taken, 0-6 | ||||||||
| Low (0–2) | 139 | 334 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Moderate (3–5) | 118 | 301 | 0.95 | 0.71–1.28 | 0.99 | 0.69–1.44 | ||
| High (≥6) | 23 | 46 | 1.19 | 0.69–2.04 | 1.61 | 0.83–3.13 | ||
| P for trend | .82 | .96 | ||||||
| 10 Years Before Recruitment | ||||||||
| Duration of Sunlight Exposure, Hours/Day | ||||||||
| <2 | 112 | 350 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| ≥2–<5 | 88 | 277 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.38 | 1.13 | 0.77–1.65 | ||
| ≥5–<8 | 32 | 51 | 2.03 | 1.24–3.33 | 1.74 | 0.96–3.18 | ||
| ≥8 | 16 | 17 | 2.87 | 1.39–5.91 | 3.59 | 1.46–8.77 | ||
| P for trend | .001 | .005 | ||||||
| Use of Sunscreens | ||||||||
| Never | 121 | 295 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Ever | 126 | 402 | 0.78 | 0.58–1.05 | 0.86 | 0.60–1.22 | ||
| Hand Skin Tone, 1–3 | ||||||||
| 1 (light) | 62 | 201 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| 2 | 150 | 364 | 1.31 | 0.93–1.84 | 1.41 | 0.94–2.13 | ||
| 3 (dark) | 36 | 133 | 0.85 | 0.53–1.36 | 0.67 | 0.38–1.20 | ||
| P for trend | .76 | .39 | ||||||
| Age 19–30 Years | ||||||||
| Duration of Sunlight Exposure, Hours/Day | ||||||||
| <2 | 100 | 317 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| ≥2–<5 | 98 | 292 | 1.08 | 0.78–1.50 | 1.16 | 0.79–1.69 | ||
| ≥5–<8 | 32 | 61 | 1.71 | 1.05–2.79 | 1.35 | 0.74–2.45 | ||
| ≥8 | 16 | 23 | 2.27 | 1.14–4.51 | 2.44 | 1.04–5.73 | ||
| P for trend | .007 | .048 | ||||||
| Use of Sunscreens | ||||||||
| Never | 117 | 312 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Ever | 129 | 383 | 0.92 | 0.69–1.24 | 1.06 | 0.74–1.50 | ||
| Hand Skin Tone, 1–3 | ||||||||
| 1 (light) | 81 | 248 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| 2 | 123 | 320 | 1.17 | 0.85–1.63 | 1.27 | 0.87–1.87 | ||
| 3 (dark) | 44 | 129 | 1.03 | 0.67–1.57 | 0.96 | 0.57–1.61 | ||
| P for trend | .74 | .85 | ||||||
| Age 13–18 Years | ||||||||
| Duration of Sunlight Exposure, Hours/Day | ||||||||
| <2 | 83 | 224 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| ≥2–<5 | 125 | 371 | 0.93 | 0.67–1.29 | 1.05 | 0.71–1.54 | ||
| ≥5–<8 | 25 | 79 | 0.84 | 0.50–1.42 | 1.11 | 0.61–2.01 | ||
| ≥8 | 15 | 20 | 2.02 | 0.99–4.15 | 1.83 | 0.75–4.44 | ||
| P for trend | .49 | .11 | ||||||
| Use of Sunscreens | ||||||||
| Never | 136 | 412 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Ever | 112 | 284 | 1.24 | 0.92–1.66 | 1.32 | 0.93–1.86 | ||
| Hand Skin Tone, 1–3 | ||||||||
| 1 (light) | 85 | 244 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| 2 | 114 | 290 | 1.16 | 0.83–1.61 | 1.17 | 0.80–1.71 | ||
| 3 (dark) | 49 | 162 | 0.85 | 0.57–1.28 | 0.81 | 0.50–1.31 | ||
| P for trend | .60 | .55 | ||||||
| Age 6–12 Years | ||||||||
| Duration of Sunlight Exposure, Hours/Day | ||||||||
| <2 | 82 | 272 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| ≥2–<5 | 129 | 333 | 1.31 | 0.95–1.81 | 1.44 | 0.99–2.09 | ||
| ≥5–<8 | 32 | 72 | 1.45 | 0.89–2.35 | 1.49 | 0.84–2.64 | ||
| ≥8 | 5 | 17 | 0.94 | 0.33–2.63 | 0.67 | 0.20–2.25 | ||
| P for trend | .17 | .27 | ||||||
| Use of Sunscreens | ||||||||
| Never | 162 | 463 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Ever | 86 | 223 | 1.09 | 0.80–1.48 | 1.16 | 0.81–1.66 | ||
| Hand Skin Tone, 1–3 | ||||||||
| 1 (light) | 110 | 289 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| 2 | 89 | 242 | 0.99 | 0.71–1.37 | 1.02 | 0.70–1.48 | ||
| 3 (dark) | 45 | 151 | 0.77 | 0.52–1.15 | 0.62 | 0.38–1.01 | ||
| P for trend | .25 | .09 | ||||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; EBV VCA-IgA, Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen; OR, odds ratio; ref., reference; UVR, ultraviolet radiation.
aMultivariable adjusted model included all variables above, and sex, 5-year age group (frequency-matching in subject recruitment), and socioeconomic position score (ranged from −1 [lowest] to 13 [highest], and calculated by the subject’s and his/her father’s and mother’s education, housing type at age 10, personal income, and household income), smoking status (ever/never), consumption of salted fish (ever/never), exposure to any occupational hazards (ever/never), season of blood draw (summer/winter), body mass index (<18.5/≥18.5–23.0/≥23.0–25.0/≥25.0), dietary vitamin D intake (<12.4/≥12.4–22.5/≥22.5–40.7/≥40.7–<637 IU/day), and total energy intake over 4 life periods (age 6–12, 13–18, and 19–30, and 10 years before recruitment) as appropriate.