Table 4.
Bioaerosol concentration generated by toilet flushing under different conditions
| Influencing factors | Conditions | Bioaerosol concentrations | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toilet types | Straight flush | 37.50 colonies/100 cft | (Bound and Atkinson 1966) |
| Siphon type | 2.60 colonies/100 cft | ||
| Switch toilet lid | Open | 35 CFU | (Best et al. 2012) |
| Closed | 3 CFU | ||
| Flushing energy | High pressure (HP) | 287,400 ± 32,700 droplets | (Lai et al. 2018) |
| Low pressure (LP) | 80,200 ± 6900 droplets | ||
| High water tank (HT) | 13,700 ± 3000 droplets | ||
| Low water tank (LT) | 14,500 ± 2100 droplets | ||
| High efficiency toilet (HET) | 10,620 droplets | (Johnson et al. 2013a) | |
| Pressure-assisted high efficiency toilet (PAT) | 25,762 droplets | ||
| Flushometer toilet (FOM) | 145,214 droplets |