Table 2.
Nature of parental involvement, treatment components involving parents, key findings, and parent satisfaction with treatment
| Authors (year) | Parent(s) relationship to child | Nature of parental involvement | Number (duration) of each parent session | Treatment components involving parents | Parent satisfaction with treatment | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psycho-education | Relaxation | Problem solving | Cognitive restructuring | Contingency Management | Supporting graded exposure | Addressing parental beliefs and behaviours | Relapse prevention | |||||
| Joint parent–adolescent sessions | ||||||||||||
| Albano et al. (1995) | Not specified | Joined adolescent sessions 1, 2, 8, 15 | 4 (90-min) | X | – | – | – | – | X | X | – | Not reported |
| Christon et al. (2012) | Mother | Majority of sessions included 10- to 15-min parent component or review of treatment | Not specified | – | – | – | – | X | X | X | – | Not reported |
| Elkins et al. (2016) | Not specified | Unclear involvement in sessions | Not specified | – | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | Not reported |
| Heard et al. (1992) | Mothers and fathers | Joined adolescent sessions | Weekly (90-min) for 3-months | – | – | – | – | X | X | – | – | Not reported |
| Hoffman and Mattis (2000) | Mother/not specified | Joined the end of adolescent sessions 1, 4, 7, 11 | 4 (60-min) | X | – | – | X | – | X | – | – | Not reported |
| Leyfer et al. (2018) | Not specified | Parent component at the end of each adolescent session. Parent involvement was identical in both arms | 6 (30-min) | X | – | – | X | X | X | – | X | Not reported |
| Ollendick (1995) | Mother | Joined adolescent sessions | Not specified | – | – | – | – | X | X | – | – | Not reported |
| Pincus et al. (2010) | Not specified | Joined the end of adolescent sessions 1, 4, 7, 11 | 5 (10-min) | X | – | – | – | X | X | X | – | Reported that parents felt the best part of treatment was learning a common language to use with adolescent and learning how to best help their adolescent while experiencing a panic attack (measures and participant numbers not specified) |
| Separate parent sessions | ||||||||||||
| Anderson et al. (1998) | Not specified | Separate parent sessions | 7 (not specified) | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | Not reported |
| Baer and Garland (2005) | Not specified | Separate parent group session | 1 (not specified) | X | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Not reported |
| Legerstee et al. (2008) | Not specified | Separate parent sessions | 4 (90-min) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Not reported |
| Masia-Warner et al. (2005) | Not specified | Parent group sessions | 2 (45-min) | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | Not reported |
| Masia-Warner et al. (2007) | Not specified | Parent group sessions | 2 (45-min) | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | 4 questions assessing views of therapist skill, knowledge, overall satisfaction, and likelihood of recommending SASS. Reported that parents of adolescents in SASS group had significantly higher ratings than the attention control group (p < .05) but satisfaction was not related to parent ratings of improvement (participant numbers not specified) |
| Masia-Warner et al. (2016) | Not specified | Parent group sessions | 2 (45-min) | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | Not reported |
| Nordh et al. (2017) | Not specified | Separate internet-delivered parent sessions | 5 (not specified) | X | - | X | – | X | X | X | X | Not reported |
| Spence et al. (2008) | Mother | Separate internet-delivered parent sessions | 5 (not specified) | X | X | X | X | X | X | – | – | Mother completed 8-item questionnaire. Reported ‘high levels’ of satisfaction and that the program had taught skills to manage anxiety and cope better with anxiety-provoking situations |
| Spence et al. (2011) | Not specified | Separate internet-delivered or face-to-face parent sessions dependent on treatment arm |
5 (60-min) 2 booster sessions (not specified) |
X | X | X | X | X | X | – | – | 88.64% of parents completed an adapted questionnaire. Reported moderate to high satisfaction, although parents in face-to-face condition reported ‘slightly higher’ satisfaction |
| Waite et al. (2019) | Not specified | Separate internet-delivered parent sessions | 5 (not specified) | X | X | X | X | X | X | – | – | 71.7% (97.7% treatment completers). Reported that 95.3% of parents who had completed parent sessions and 81.9% of parents who had not completed parent sessions were ‘moderately’ to ‘extremely’ satisfied with their adolescent’s treatment |
| Separate parent sessions and joint parent–adolescent sessions | ||||||||||||
| Kendall and Barmish (2007) | Mother and father | Separate parent sessions and attended adolescent sessions |
2 (60-min) 5 (60-min) |
X | – | – | – | – | X | X | – | Not reported |
| Siqueland et al. (2005)a | Mothers and fathers | Separate parent sessions in CBT-only arm | 2 (not specified) | – | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | Not reported |
| Separate parent sessions and parent–adolescent sessions in CBT-ABFT arm | 2 (not specified) | – | – | – | – | X | X | X | – | In informal exit interviews, parents in CBT-ABFT arm were reported to find the family work to be the ‘most important or satisfying’ treatment component. ‘Some’ parents in CBT alone arm ‘expressed disappointment’ in the limited parental involvement in treatment (participant numbers not specified) | ||
| Workbook | ||||||||||||
| Stjerneklar et al. (2018) | Not specified | Separate parent workbook, phone calls with therapist and individualised involvement in adolescent sessions | Not specified | X | – | – | X | – | X | – | – | 83.33% of parents completed CHI-ESQ; parents were reported to be ‘generally satisfied’ with the intervention, although 1/3 of parents would have liked a face-to-face meeting pre-treatment with the therapist/other families |
| Wuthrich et al. (2012) | Mothers | Separate parent workbook and individualised involvement in adolescent sessions | 4 (not specified) | X | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | Not reported |
| Format not specified | ||||||||||||
| Leigh and Clark (2016) | Not specified | Individualised | Not specified | X | – | – | – | X | – | X | X | 100% of parents completed CHI-ESQ. Reported ‘high level’ of satisfaction as all endorsed all items as ‘partly’ or ‘certainly’ true |
ABFT = Attachment-based Family Therapy, CBGT-A = Cognitive-Behavioural Group Treatment for Adolescents, CBT = Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, CHI-ESQ = The Experience of Service Questionnaire (Attitude-Stirling, 2002), CT-SAD = Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder, DCS = D-Cycloserine, MATCH = Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems, PCT-A = Panic Control Treatment for Adolescents, SASS = Skills for Academic and Social Success, SET-C = Social Effectiveness Training for Children and Adolescents
aThe paper by Siqueland et al. (2005) involved two studies—parents in each study received the same treatment