Table 2.
The table summarizes the in vivo preclinical studies investigating the effects of PDRN on wound healing
| Disease Model | Animal Model | PDRN Therapy | PDRN vs. CTR Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA) | DBA/1 mice (6 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 3 w | Clinical improvement of CIA and anti-inflammatory effects. | 18 |
| Experimental periodontitis (EPD) | Sprague-Dawley rats (12 w) | 2 × 0.75% PDRN gel for 1 w | Anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. | 46 |
| LPS-induced lung injury | Sprague-Dawley rats (9 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 24 and 72 h | ↑A2ARs expression; anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. | 66 |
| Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) | New Zealand White rats | 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg local injection, 2 times a day for 20 d | ↓severity pf osteonecrosis; restoration of osteoclast activity; anti-inflammatory effects; ↑vessel density. | 44 |
| Wound model | Diabetic mice (8 w) | Intradermal injection for 12 d | Faster re-epithelialization e collagen fibers formation; ↓wound depth; ↑vascularization. | 25 |
| Chondrocutaneous Composite Grafts |
New Zealand White rabbits. | 0.75 mg/kg intradermal injection on 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 d after surgery | ↑graft viability; ↑vascularization. | 61 |
| Random Pattern Skin Flaps | Sprague-Dawley rats (7 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 6 d | Survival of random pattern skin flaps; ↑granulation tissue formation; ↑vascularization. | 16 |
| Ischemic skin flap | Sprague-Dawley rats | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 3, 5 and 10 d | ↑revascularization; complete re-epithelialization and well-formed granulation tissue. | 53 |
| Experimental thermal injury | C57BL/6 mice | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 2 w | Anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. | 54 |
| Incisional wound healing | Sprague-Dawley rats (10 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 3 or 7 d | Scar prevention; proper collagen deposition; anti-inflammatory effects. | 52 |
| Incisional wound healing | C57BL/KsJ-m1/1Leptdb mice (14 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 12 d | Epidermal regeneration; proangiogenic effects. | 60 |
| Laser-induced skin wound | Sprague-Dawley rats (8 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 1 w | Faster epidermal regeneration and thick granulation tissue formation; proangiogenic effects. | 59 |
| Excisional wound healing | Sprague-Dawley rats | Topical administration for 4 w |
↓wound size ↓cell apoptosis. |
68 |
| Excisional wound healing | Hairless mice (8 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 1 w | Best wound closure with earlier collagen deposition and increased re- epithelialization in classic PDRN-treated group. | 64 |
| Experimental colitis | Sprague-Dawley rats (14 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 1 w | Normal colon appearance and epithelial regeneration; ↓lipid peroxidation and neutrophil infiltration; anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. | 47 |
| Chronic soft tissue ulcer | C57-BL/KsJ-m+/+Lept Diabetic mouse | — | ↑re-epithelialization and well-formed granulation tissue; ↑wound healing; ↑revascularization; ↓infection. | 21 |
| Acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers (GU) | Mongolian gerbils (10/12 w) | 4-8-16 mg/kg i.p. for 2 w | ↓ulcer size; ↑VEGF; anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. | 50 |
| Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers (GU) | Sprague-Dawley rats (10 w) | 8 mg/kg i.p. for 2 w | ↓ulcer size; ↑VEGF; ↑A2ARs, cAMP, PKA; anti-inflammatory effects. | 49 |
| Spinal cord injury (SCI) | C57BL6/J mice | 8 mg/kg/i.p. for 10 d | Improved locomotor performance; < neural damage; anti-inflammatory effects; anti-apoptotic effects; Wnt/β-catenin pathway stimulation. | 51 |
| Peripheral nerves damage | C57B mice | 5 mg/kg/i.p. for 1 w | Nerve regeneration. | 67 |
Upward arrows indicate an increase in the endpoint; downward arrows indicate a decrease.
w, week; d, day; i.p., intraperitoneally; A2AR, adenosine A2A receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; cAMP, cyclic adenosine-3,5′-monophosphate; PKA, protein kinase A.