Table 3.
The table summarizes the clinical studies investigating the effects of PDRN on wound healing
| Clinical Study | Study Design | Experimental Group | Intervention | PDRN Therapy | Follow Up | PDRN vs. CTR Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genital lichen sclerosus | Case−control | 28 M 45 y |
0.05% CP (n = 14); PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) +0.05% CP (n = 14). | Intradermal PDRN infiltration for 8 sessions + daily topical CP. | 6 months | Anti-inflammatoy effects; long- lasting improvement in symptoms; no side effects. | 70 |
| Genital lichen sclerosus | Case series | 21 M 56.95 y |
1 or 2 vials PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | Weekly locoregional intradermal or submucosal PDRN injections for 2 cycles of 10 sessions. | 12–24 months | Improvement in irritative symptoms and in the trophism and the elasticity of the skin; no side effects. | 71 |
| Knee osteoarthritis | Double-blind RCT | 30 M/F 65.08 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) + HA (n = 15) HA (n = 14) |
3 Intra-articular PDRN injections at weekly intervals. | 6 months | ↓pain; ↑physical function; ↑functional activity; no side effects. | 74 |
| Radiation-induced oral mucositis | Case series | 3 M = 1; F = 2 67 y |
PDRN | PDRN spray 2 times/day or 3–6 times/day a month after RT ended. | Weekly until a month after RT ended | ↓pain; ↓erythema and desquamation; no side effects. | 72 |
| Radiation-induced cystitis (CRC) | Case series | 8 M = 4; F = 4 69.7 y |
10 mL PDRN 50% | Biweekly intravescical PDRN instillation for 2 months. | 4 months | ↓CRC symptoms | 73 |
| Pes anserine bursitis (PA) | Case report | 1 F 50 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | Ultrasound-guided PDRN injection | >8 months | ↓pain; full range of motion; no side effects. | 75 |
| Hemiplegic shoulder pain in subacute stroke patients | Case−control | 20 M/F 66.25 y |
Triamcinolone (n = 10) PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) (n = 10) |
2 intra-articular injections at weekly intervals. | >1 month | Improvement in symptoms; no side effects. | 79 |
| Lateral epicondylitis (LE) | Case series | 2 M 62 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | Ultrasound-guided PDRN injections | 2 months | ↓pain; resolution of hypervascularity; no side effects. | 80 |
| Tibial tendon dysfunction | Case report | 1 F 67 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | 5 PDRN prolotherapy injections at weekly intervals. | >12 months | Improvement in the arch of the foot; ↓pain; no side effects. | 81 |
| Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy | Case series | 32 M/F 52.5 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | 5 ultrasound-guided PDRN injections at weekly intervals. | 3 months | ↓pain; ↓disability; no side effects. | 82 |
| Chronic Supraspinatus Tendinopathy | Case−control | 106 M/F 52.5 y |
Conservative treatment (n = 51) PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) (n = 55) |
3 ultrasound-guided PDRN injections at weekly intervals. | 3–6 months | ↓pain; no side effects. | 83 |
| Partial-thickness tear of supraspinatus tendon | Case series | 17 M/F 57.9 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | 3 ultrasound-guided PDRN injections every 2 weeks. | 3 months | ↓pain; improvement in forward flexion and internal rotation in shoulder; no side effects. | 84 |
| Tendinopathy | Case series | 138 M/F 45 y |
PDRN (3 mL) | 3–5 weekly subcutaneous peritendon PDRN infiltrations + Daily intramuscular administration for a total of 15–20 vials. | — | ↓pain; resumption of functional conditions; no side effects. | 85 |
| Chronic plantar fasciitis | Double-blind RCT | 40 M/F 53 y |
Placebo (n = 20) PDRN (2.812 mg/1.5 mL) (n = 20) |
Weekly PDRN injection into the tender region of the heel, medial to the insertion of the plantar fascia for three weeks. | 3 months | ↓pain; improvement in symptoms; no side effects. | 86 |
| Ischiofemoral impingement syndrome | Case series | 2 M 23.5 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | Ultrasound-guided PDRN prolotherapy at 1/2 weeks intervals for 5 sessions | >6 months | ↓pain. | 87 |
| Radiating leg pain | Case report | 1 M 51 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | 4 Injections around the piriformis muscle at biweekly intervals. | Every 2 months for 2 months | Long-term relief. | 88 |
| Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 2 | Case report | 1 F 32 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | Ultrasound-guided PDRN prolotherapy. | 1 month | Improvement in allodynia and hyperalgesia. | 89 |
| Postherpetic brachial plexopathy | Case report | 1 F 73 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | 4 ultrasound-guided PDRN injections at weekly intervals. | >6 months | ↓motor weakness; ↓neuropathic pain. | 92 |
| Cervical nerve root injury | Case report | 1 F 54 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | 2 × ultrasound-guided cervical nerve root block (NRB) using PDRN at weekly intervals. | 2 months | ↓motor weakness; ↓neuropathic pain. | 93 |
| Lumbosacral radiculopathy | Case report | 1 M with 2DM 44 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | 4 epidural PDRN injections at weekly intervals. | >6 months | ↓pain; no side effects. | 96 |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | Case report | 1 F with 2DM 41 y |
PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL) | 2 ultrasound-guided PDRN injections at weekly intervals. | 6 months | Improvement in symptoms; no side effects. | 95 |
Upward arrows indicate an increase in the endpoint; downward arrows indicate a decrease.
M, male; F, female; y, years (mean age); CP, clobetasol propionate; HA, hyaluronic acid; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RT, radiotherapy; 2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.