Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants by baseline serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) quartiles
| Variables* | Serum ALP, IU/L | P value† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (< 79) | Q2 (79- < 96) | Q3 (96- < 116) | Q4 (≥ 116) | ||
| N | 3486 | 3623 | 3577 | 3707 | |
| Age, yr | 58.3 ± 8.1 | 59.7 ± 7.5 | 60.7 ± 7.1 | 61.3 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 |
| Male, no. (%) | 1773 (50.9) | 1609 (44.4) | 1377 (38.5) | 1059 (28.6) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.4 ± 3.6 | 25.1 ± 3.6 | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 24.4 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking, no. (%) | 963 (27.6) | 938 (25.9) | 810 (22.6) | 664 (17.9) | < 0.001 |
| Current drinking, no. (%) | 1143 (32.8) | 949 (26.2) | 778 (21.8) | 567 (15.3) | < 0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes, no. (%) | 151 (4.3) | 145 (4.0) | 125 (3.5) | 116 (3.1) | 0.036 |
| Enalapril group, no. (%) | 1727 (49.5) | 1838 (50.7) | 1800 (50.3) | 1850 (49.9) | 0.769 |
| BP, mmHg | |||||
| SBP at baseline | 165.6 ± 20.5 | 167.2 ± 20.4 | 167.5 ± 20.5 | 168.2 ± 20.3 | < 0.001 |
| DBP at baseline | 95.4 ± 11.9 | 94.5 ± 11.9 | 94.3 ± 11.8 | 93.3 ± 11.7 | < 0.001 |
| Time-averaged SBP | 138.4 ± 10.6 | 139.1 ± 10.3 | 138.8 ± 10.6 | 139 ± 10.6 | 0.022 |
| Time-averaged DBP | 84.1 ± 7.2 | 83.3 ± 7.2 | 82.6 ± 7.0 | 81.7 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory results, mmol/L | |||||
| Total cholesterol | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min1.73/m2 | 93.7 ± 13.1 | 93.8 ± 12.8 | 93.3 ± 12.1 | 93.6 ± 12.2 | 0.455 |
| Folate, ng/mL | 7.8 ± 3.3 | 8.2 ± 3.8 | 8.5 ± 3.8 | 9.3 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Total homocysteine, μmol/L | 14.9 ± 9.9 | 14.5 ± 8.8 | 14.5 ± 8.0 | 14.1 ± 6.9 | < 0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | 66.1 ± 10.4 | 87.1 ± 4.8 | 104.9 ± 5.8 | 140.0 ± 24.1 | < 0.001 |
| Aspartate transaminase, IU/L | 21.4(18.0,26.0) | 22.7(19.2,27.8) | 24.0(20.1,29.5) | 26.7(21.9,33.1) | < 0.001 |
| Alanine transaminase, IU/L | 11.0(8.0,14.1) | 12.0(9.0,16.0) | 12.8(10.0,17.0) | 14.0(11.0,19.0) | < 0.001 |
| Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, IU/L | 19.1(14.3,27.6) | 19.3(14.6,27.5) | 19.3(14.6,28.1) | 19.9(14.9,28.7) | 0.005 |
| Medication use, no. (%) | |||||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 1794 (51.5) | 1708 (47.1) | 1621 (45.3) | 1531 (41.3) | < 0.001 |
| Lipid lowering drugs | 37 (1.1) | 26 (0.7) | 19 (0.5) | 25 (0.7) | 0.065 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 161 (4.6) | 109 (3.0) | 102 (2.9) | 71 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
ALP serum alkaline phosphatase, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein, SBP systolic blood pressure
*Continuous variables are presented as Mean ± SD or IQR (25, 75th), categorical variables are presented as n (%)
†Difference between any 2 groups