Figure 1.

T lymphocyte response to HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. The onset of COVID-19 symptoms is taken as the starting point. The confidence interval is 95%. Whiskers show the standard error of mean. (A) Dynamics of Th1 cell [distinctive membrane phenotype CD3⁺CD4⁺CD94⁺CD183 (CXCR3)⁺CD195 (CCR5)⁺CCR3^–CCR4^–CXCR4^–] count in serum. (B) Dynamics of T killer cells [CD3⁺CD8⁺CD45RA⁺CD27^–CD28^–CCR7^–CD178 (FasL)⁺CD107a (LAMP-1)⁺IFNγ⁺⁺GZMB⁺⁺PRF1⁺⁺] count in serum. (C) Dynamics of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio. (D) Distribution of exhausted T cells (distinctive cytometry markers PD1 and TIM-3) and dynamics of exhausted T cell count in serum (count versus percentage of patients). (E) Relationship between exhausted T cell count in serum and respiratory score (see the “Methods” section for a detailed description). (F) Change of composition of CD4⁺ T cells in serum between the states at the beginning of COVID-19 (1–2 days), during the disease (1 week) and after it (4 weeks): 1, Th1 cells (distinctive membrane phenotype see above); 2, Th2 cells [CD3⁺CD4⁺CD193 (CCR3)⁺CD194 (CCR4)⁺CD184 (CXCR4)⁺]; 3, Th17 cells [CD3⁺CD4⁺CD161⁺CD194 (CCR4)⁺CD196 (CCR6)⁺]; 4, CD4⁺ naive lymphocytes [CD3⁺CD4⁺CD27⁺CD28⁺ CD45RA⁺ CD45RO^–CD127⁺ CD197 (CCR7)⁺]; 5, CD4⁺ regulatory T cells [CD3⁺CD4⁺CD27⁺CD25⁺CD152 (CTLA-4)⁺CD127^lowFOXP3⁺]; 6, CD4⁺ memory T cells [CD3⁺CD4⁺CD95⁺ T cells, detected as central memory CD27⁺CD28⁺CD57^–CD62L⁺CD127⁺CD197 (CCR7)⁺ T cells, effector memory CD28–CD57⁺CD62L^–CD197 (CCR7)^– T cells and effector memory CD27^–CD28^–CD57⁺CD62L^–CD127^–CD197 (CCR7)^–CD45RO^–CD45RA⁺ lymphocytes]. The Th1/Th2 cell ratio is provided in the centres of the corresponding doughnuts.