Table 3.
Factors Associated with Primary Dysmenorrhea Among Young Female Students
| Variables | Dysmenorrhea | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases No. (%) | Controls No. (%) | Total | ||||
| Thyme tea | ≥once/day | 4 (4.7) | 23 (13.8) | 27 (10.7) | 0.286 (0.095–0.862) | 0.415 (0.087–1.972) |
| <once/days (rarely/week) | 15 (17.4) | 33 (19.9) | 48 (19.1) | 0.746 (0.377–1.476) | 0.291 (0.097–0.873)* | |
| Never | 67 (77.9) | 110 (66.3) | 177 (70.2) | 1 | 1 | |
| Coffee | >once/day | 26 (30.2) | 60 (36.1) | 86 (34.1) | 0.693 (0.378–1.272) | 0.474 (0.195–1.152) |
| Once/day | 40 (46.5) | 64 (38.6) | 104 (41.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| <once/days (rarely/week) | 12 (14.0) | 28 (16.9) | 40 (16.9) | 0.686 (0.313–1.501) | 0.136 (0.033–0.554)* | |
| Never | 8 (9.3) | 14 (8.4) | 22 (8.7) | 0.914 (0.352–2.374) | 0.124 (0.021–0.727)* | |
| DDS | <5 food groups | 56 (65.1) | 89 (53.6) | 145 (57.5) | 1.615 (0.943–2.767) | 1.937 (0.879–4.269) |
| ≥5 food groups | 30 (34.9) | 77 (46.4) | 107 (42.5) | 1 | 1 | |
| Meal frequency | <3 meal/day | 4 (4.6) | 8 (4.8) | 12 (4.8) | 0.769 (0.220–2.685) | 1.315 (0.625–6.532) |
| 3 meals/day | 55 (64.0) | 83 (50.0) | 138 (54.8) | 1 | ||
| >3meal/day | 27 (31.4) | 75 (45.2) | 102 (40.4) | 0.556 (0.315–0.981) | 0.327 (0.140–0.766)* | |
| Frequency of dairy consumption | ≥once/day | 4 (4.7) | 10 (6.0) | 14 (5.6) | 0.631 (0.191–2.089) | 1.195 (0.192–7.437) |
| Rarely/week | 11 (12.8) | 44 (26.5) | 55 (21.8) | 0.394 (0.191–0.814) | 0.518 (0.172–1.557) | |
| Never | 71 (82.6) | 112 (67.5) | 183 (72.6) | 1 | 1 | |
| Frequency of vegetable or fruit consumption | Rarely/week | 42 (48.9) | 77 (46.4) | 119 (47.2) | 0.739 (0.370–1.476) | 0.918 (0.366–2.306) |
| ≥once/day | 21 (24.4) | 60 (36.1) | 81 (32.1) | 0.441 (0.211–0.924) | 0.321 (0.105–0.981)* | |
| Never | 23 (26.7) | 29 (17.5) | 52 (20.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| BMI | Normal | 62 (72.1) | 108 (65.1) | 170 (67.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Underweight | 24 (27.9) | 58 (34.9) | 80 (32.5) | 0.721 (0.408–1.273) | 1.158 (0.451–2.977) | |
| Age | 86 (34.1%) | 166 (65.9%) | 252 (100%) | 1.124 (0.937–1.348) | 1.665 (1.441–8.328)* | |
| Age at menarche | 13–14 years | 64 (74.4) | 90 (54.2) | 154 (61.1) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤12 years | 10 (11.6) | 12 (7.2) | 22 (8.7) | 1.172 (0.477–2.878) | 1.729 (0.431–6.931) | |
| ≥15 years | 12 (14.0) | 64 (38.6) | 76 (30.2) | 0.264 (0.132–0.528) | 0.091 (0.025–0.334)* | |
| Post-menarche duration | ≤2 years | 44 (51.2) | 134 (80.7) | 178 (70.6) | 1 | 1 |
| >2 years | 42 (48.8) | 32 (19.3) | 74 (29.4) | 3.997 (2.255–7.084) | 1.892 (0.511–7.013) | |
| Residence | Rural | 42 (48.8) | 68 (41.0) | 110 (43.7) | 1.376 (0.815–2.323) | 3.464 (1.441–8.328)* |
| Urban | 44 (51.2) | 98 (59.0) | 142 (56.3) | 1 | 1 | |
Note: *Significantly associated variables.
Abbreviations: DDS, Diet Diversity Score; BMI, body mass index.