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V. officinalis for anxiety. Eight studies were included in meta-analysis. Positive values indicate either reduced anxiety or enhanced calmness. (A) Forest plot for anxiety reduction. Effect sizes (Hedges’ g) for each study (blue circles) and combined effect size (green circle) are shown. (B) Funnel plot. Included data points are presented as filled blue circles. (C) Subgroup analysis for V. officinalis whole root (1 and 2) and extracts (3 ∼ 8).
