Table 1.
Studies on the effects of plant extracts and their compounds on mycotoxin-induced toxicity.
| Plant source | Protective agent | Model | Mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Native phytochemicals | ||||
| Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) | Curcumin | In vitro Ames assay, rodent & chicken | Hepatoprotective effects against AFB1 toxicity in vitro and in vivo | Soni et al. (1997); Smerak et al. (2006a); Nayak and Sashidhar (2010); Limaye et al. (2018) |
| Turmeric | Chicken broiler | Protected against AFB1 oxidative damage | Gowda et al. (2008); Nayak and Sashidhar (2010) | |
| Curcuma amada (Ginger) | Ginger | HepG2 cells & rats | Inhibited AFB1, STE and PAT toxicity | Yang et al. (2011); Vipin et al. (2017) |
| 6-Gingerol | HepG2 cells In vitro | Reduced PAT induced DNA damage in HepG2 | El-Shayeb (1980); Yang et al. (2011) | |
| Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) | Thyme oil | Rats | Ameliorated oxidative stress and genotoxicity effects of AFB1 | Abdel-Fattah et al. (2010) |
| Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) | Clove | In vitro | Inhibited AF, STE, & CIT toxicity | Hitokoto et al. (1980); Azzouz (1981); Hussain et al. (2012) |
| Quercetin | In vitro | Prevented AFB1 carcinogenesis | Bhattacharya & Firozi (1988) | |
| Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) and a variety of plants | Epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG) | Mice | Protected against DON & HT-2 toxin toxicity | Smerak et al. (2006b); Yang et al. (2011); Do et al. (2015) |
| Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes) | Lycopene | Chicken broiler, Mice & rats | Protected against oxidative, inflammatory, hormonal & reproductive damage induced by AFB1, OTA & ZEN in mice, also inhibited T-2 toxin induced oxidative stress | Leal et al. (1999); Aydin et al. (2013); Palabiyik et al. (2013); Wu et al. (2017a); Hedayati et al. (2018) |
| Cyanidin | In vitro HepG2 & Caco-2 cells | Protected against AFB1 & OTA-induced oxidative stress | Sorrenti et al. (2012); Do et al. (2015) | |
| Rutin |
Rats |
Reversed T-2 toxin-induced lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate |
El-sawi and Al-Seeni. (2009); Wu et al. (2017a) |
|
|
Crude extracts | ||||
| Premna integrifolia | Mice | Inhibited AFB1 toxicity | Singh et al. (2019) | |
| Silybum marianu | Broiler chicken | Inhibited OTA toxicity | Stoev et al. (2019) | |
| Withania somnifera | Broiler chicken | Inhibited OTA toxicity in vivo | Stoev et al. (2019) | |
| Annona senegalensis | In vitro | Inhibited AFB1 genotoxicity in Ames, Vitotox and comet assays | Makhuvele et al. (2018a) | |
| Monanthotaxis caffra | In vitro | Inhibited AFB1 genotoxicity in vitro | Makhuvele et al. (2018b) | |