Table 1.
Characteristics of the women participating in the study stratified by BMI.
| Maternal characteristics | All | Stratified by BMI | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 323 | Under-/normal weight N = 227 | Overweight N = 72 | Obese N = 24 | ||
| Age, years (mean ± SD, N = 322) | 29.5 ± 7.0 | 29.3 ± 7.0 | 30.4 ± 7.2 | 28.6 ± 5.9 | 0.413 |
| Smokers [N (%)] | 198 (61.3) | 143 (63.0) | 39 (54.2) | 16 (66.7) | 0.348 |
| Gestational age [N (%)] | 0.018 | ||||
| 4–6 weeks | 134 (41.5) | 90 (39.6) | 32 (44.4) | 12 (50.0) | |
| 7–9 weeks | 138 (42.7) | 108 (47.6) | 21 (29.2) | 9 (37.5) | |
| 10–12 weeks | 51 (15.8) | 29 (12.8) | 19 (26.4) | 3 (12.5) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 [median (IQR)] | 22.7 (20.5–25.4) | 21.3 (19.7–22.9) | 26.8 (25.7–28.3) | 32.3 (31.1–35.3) | <0.001 |
| Leptin, ng/ml [median (IQR), N = 321] | 9.6 (5.0–15.8) | 8.0 (4.0–11.7) | 16.2 (9.9–18.6) | 20.6 (16.4–29.1) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l (mean ± SD) | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 0.129 |
| Fasting C-peptide, pmol/l [median (IQR), N = 322] | 357.7 (270.1–454.8) | 329.1 (258.0–422.1) | 414.4 (301.6–404.3) | 545.9 (431.7–680.8) | <0.001 |
| ISHOMA [median (IQR), N = 322] | 0.76 (0.55–1.04) | 0.82 (0.61–1.08) | 0.68 (0.49–0.89) | 0.50 (0.38–0.68) | <0.001 |
| IS20/(FCPxFPG) [median (IQR), N = 322] | 12.10 (8.85–16.62) | 13.12 (9.79–17.35) | 10.94 (7.92–14.31) | 8.02 (6.04–10.81) | <0.001 |
| ISQUICKI (mean ± SD, N = 322) | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.21 | <0.001 |
BMI, Body mass index (BMI < 25.0 kg/m2: under-/normal weight; BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2: overweight; BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2: obese); Gestational age, postmenstrual period; ISHOMA, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity; IQR, Interquartile range; SD, Standard deviation. Skewed variables were log-transformed before analysis. Statistically significant results in bold.