Figure 4. Example of an optically transparent, robust hydrogel actuator.
(a) Image of a leptocephalus in a marine environment. (b) Schematic of a hydrogel actuator inspired by the leptocephalus (c) Schematic of the hydrogel development process for hydraulic actuators. (d) Images of the hydraulic hydrogel actuator’s rapid actuation process. (e) Images demonstrating the implementation of a hydraulic hydrogel actuator to safely and rapidly capture and release a live ryukin goldfish. Adapted with permission.[97] Copyright 2017, Springer Nature.