Table 3. Comparison between gestational diabetes villi and healthy villi.

Abbreviation: GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.

a) All statistical analyses of the parameters have been done by performing Mann Whitney U-test

b) Significant at p-value less than .05

c) No significant change

Parameter	GDM (n=42)	Healthy (n=42)	P-Valuea,b
The placental barrier thickness (µ)	95 ± 58.7	128.9 ± 126.8	.199c
The number of Hofbauer cells	2.6 ± 1.1	2.5 ± 1.3	.827c
The surface area of the blood vessels (μ2)	49516.8 ± 40256.5	107338 ± 105474.8	.008
The perimeters of the blood vessels (µ)	871.5 ± 382	1959.2 ± 1780.6	.002
The number of the blood vessels	2.8 ± 2.3	3.1 ± 2.1	.162c
The surface area of the villous (μ2)	1034807.5 ± 478874.7	989101.6 ± 519510.5	.668c
The placental barrier thickness/perimeters of the villous blood vessels ratio	0.000094 ± 0.000055	17.690717 ± 13.242211	≤ .001
The placental barrier thickness/surface area of the blood vessels ratio	0.003362 ± 0.002987	0.273575 ± 0.42393	≤ .001
The number of Hofbauer cells/surface area of the villous ratio	0.062962 ± 0.074058	0.005724 ± 0.03387	≤ .001
The number of the blood vessels/surface area of the villous ratio	0.000003 ± 0.000001	0.000004 ± 0.000002	.001
The surface area of the blood vessels/surface area of the villous ratio	0.062962 ± 0.074058	0.128724 ± 0.111073	.004
The perimeters of the blood vessels/surface area of the villous ratio	0.001114 ± 0.001072	0.000032 ± 0.000036	≤ .001