. 2019 May 16;32(7-8):724–734. doi: 10.1177/0898264319848866

Table 3.

Adjusted Characteristics Associated With Hearing Loss and Hearing Aid Use.

Characteristic^a	Unaided mild hearing loss OR (95% CI)	Aided mild hearing loss OR (95% CI)	Unaided severe hearing loss OR (95% CI)	Aided severe hearing loss OR (95% CI)
Age, years
65-74	1.00^a	1.00^a	1.00^a	1.00^a
75-84	1.21 [1.11, 1.32]	2.72 [2.22, 3.33]	1.37 [1.22, 1.55]	2.04 [1.81, 2.28]
≥85	1.56 [1.39, 1.75]	5.77 [4.59, 7.27]	2.15 [1.86, 2.49]	4.79 [4.20, 5.47]
Female	0.55 [0.51, 0.59]	0.33 [0.28, 0.39]	0.47 [0.42, 0.52]	0.34 [0.31, 0.37]
HCC score
<0.8	1.00^a	1.00^a	1.00^a	1.00^a
0.8-2.0	1.10 [1.00, 1.21]	0.93 [0.77, 1.12]	1.28 [1.13, 1.45]	1.10 [0.99, 1.23]
>2.0	1.08 [0.93, 1.25]	0.78 [0.57, 1.07]	1.43 [1.19, 1.71]	1.06 [0.89, 1.27]
Income^b
High	1.00^a	1.00^a	1.00^a	1.00^a
Medium	1.15 [1.06, 1.25]	0.99 [0.83, 1.17]	1.19 [1.07, 1.33]	1.14 [1.03, 1.26]
Low	1.21 [1.08, 1.36]	1.08 [0.84, 1.37]	1.37 [1.18, 1.60]	1.07 [0.92, 1.24]
Low minority^b	0.93 [0.87, 1.01]	1.13 [0.96, 1.31]	1.11 [1.00, 1.23]	1.01 [0.92, 1.11]
Prescription drugs
0-4 per day	1.00^a	1.00^a	1.00^a	1.00^a
≥5 per day	1.35 [1.23, 1.47]	1.16 [0.97, 1.38]	1.68 [1.50, 1.88]	1.47 [1.32, 1.63]
Diabetes	1.08 [0.98, 1.19]	0.87 [0.70, 1.07]	1.24 [1.09, 1.40]	1.00 [0.89, 1.13]
Respiratory disease^c	1.15 [1.02, 1.28]	0.81 [0.63, 1.05]	1.27 [1.10, 1.46]	1.26 [1.10, 1.44]
Cardiovascular disease^d	0.97 [0.89, 1.07]	1.11 [0.92, 1.34]	0.95 [0.84, 1.07]	0.92 [0.83, 1.03]
Stroke	0.94 [0.80, 1.10]	1.09 [0.81, 1.47]	1.04 [0.85, 1.27]	1.07 [0.90, 1.28]

Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; HCC = Hierarchical Condition Category.

Reference category.

Based upon U.S. Census data for zip code of residence.

Includes asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Includes coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.