Table 3.

Dietary recommendations for patients with diabetes during Ramadan fasting[21]

• Calorie requirement is 1800-2200 kcal/day for men and 1500-2000 kcal/day for women

• Divide daily calories=Suhoor (30-40%) + Iftar (40-50%) + Snacks (10-20%) once or twice between meals if necessary

• Balanced diet with 45-50% carbohydrate, 20-30% protein, <35% fat (preferably mono- and polyunsaturated), fibre 20-35 gram per day

• Adequate protein and fat ensures satiety and reduced postprandial hyperglycemia

• Include low glycemic index, high fibre foods that release energy slowly before and after fasting

• Include adequate fruit, vegetables and salads

• Minimise foods that are high in saturated fats like samosas, pakoras

• Avoid sugary desserts

• Keep hydrated whenever possible by drinking water and other non-sweetened beverages

• Avoid caffeinated and sweetened drinks

• Avoid large calorie dense meal, and take smaller meals divided into two or three