Table 1.

Main Components and drivers of vicuña management (chakus). IPLC: Indigenous peoples and local communities

Components	Case study	Value	Description	Other
Nature	Vicuñas	Intrinsic relational	Wild populations	Living in the Andes before humans peopled the area
Nature contribution to people	Vicuñas fiber	Instrumental relational	One of the softest and finest animal fibers (12–14 µm in diameter) 300–500 U$S/ Kg 200 gr/ individual in chakus every three years	Highly valuated by pre-Hispanic cultures (Inca and others)
Anthropogenic assets	Knowledge: Scientific research on population trends Capture and shearing procedures with animal welfare techniques Observations by indigenous and local communities Technology: built capture infrastructure and procedures Funding Formal and non-formal education and capacity building	Intrinsic relational instrumental	All the material and non-material components of the vicuña management plan and activities	This asset is intrinsically related to the next
	Trade and international market	Instrumental relational	All the material and non-material components of international trade	Technology (both physical objects and procedures) and financial assets
	Luxury fashion industries European designers	Instrumental relational	Technology and financial assets in textile industries
Institutions, governance and other indirect anthropogenic drivers	International bodies: CITES Vicuñas Convention National Laws Regional authorities IPLC organizations	Instrumental relational	Price of vicuña fiber in the international market Authorization and control for legal marketing	Vicuñas are res nulius with the guardianship of the provincial governments, who can delegate usufruct to local communities
	Traders and export companies	Instrumental relational	Oligopsony. Inequalities in trade negotiations that abuse IPLCs
Direct natural drivers	Climate	Relational	Extreme daily and seasonal variations	Vicuñas are obligated drinkers and grazers
	Diseases	Intrinsic instrumental	Parasitic diseases regulate vicuña populations	Sarcoptic mange could affect vicuña populations
	Predators	Intrinsic	Pumas and foxes Regulate vicuñas populations	Pumas can prey on adults and young, foxes only attack young
Direct anthropogenic driver	Livestock	Relational instrumental	Tolerance of local herders (or lack thereof) towards coexistence of vicuñas with livestock	Pastoral system is based in natural pastures. Vicuñas feed in llama and sheep grazing areas, there may be overlaps and competition
	Poaching	Relational instrumental	Cross-border poaching is difficult to manage	Poaching led vicunas to the risk of extinction
Good quality of life	Local indigenous community’s wellbeing Pachamama well treated	Intrinsic relational instrumental	Communities receive income from the fiber of vicuñas Intangible links between the vicuñas and the IPLCs that contribute to cultural identity and integrity	Buen vivir. “Good living” as an Andean concept