Table 2.

Main actors and the role of the anthropogenic drivers described in the CF for the vicuña case study

Component	Stakeholder	Role/description
Institutions and other indirect drivers of change	International CITES	To ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. To establish specific trade conditions for different species. Authorizes export and import through a licensing system
	International vicuña convention	Article 1: The signatory governments agree that the conservation of vicuñas constitutes an alternative of economic production for the benefit of the Andean population and commit to its gradual use under strict governmental control, applying the techniques for the management of wild fauna determined by their competent official bodies
	National and regional environmental government	To set guidelines for sustainable management, law enforcement, and surveillance (inspections for the authorization of the legal sale of fiber; wildlife crimes) and to apprehend and prosecute poachers through security forces and the judicial system
	Associative local Andean boards (Communities and cooperatives)	To receive usufructuary rights for the capture, shear, and trade of vicuña fiber through public tenders, or direct sale. Some have the technical ability to weave handmade garments. They are IPLCs with very little income, most of them making just enough to cover their basic needs. They have inequity in negotiations with traders
	Traders and export companies	Financial capital for the purchase of fiber
	Extra-Andean (mostly in Italy, rest of Europe, Japan and USA) luxury fashion industries European designers	To trade vicuña garments in the international market. Buyers belong to an affluent social class that is able to pay thousands of euros for a garment Telecoupling
	Weaving craftswomen	A market for typical handmade ponchos exists among the rural squirearchy
	Research, academic, technical institutions and Universities	To provide data for guidelines on the management of the species. Design of management plans and technology, intercultural dialogue with IPLCs
Anthropogenic direct drivers	Poachers (can be members of communities from neighboring countries)	Poaching is still the main risk for vicuña populations
	Trained researchers, technicians and local community members	Sustainable use: Chakus can be performed with techniques that allow zero animal mortality. It reinforces traditional resource use and community organization
	Improvised and untrained people	Unsustainable use: The lack of proper capture techniques and procedures can put vicuña populations at risk
	Conservationists	Actions to increase vicuñas populations
	Local peasants (some)	Disturbance: due to perceived competition for pastures, vicuñas are chased away from llama and sheep grazing areas
	Local peasants (some)	Tolerance: Vicuñas are valued in relation to deities, Coquena (their shepherd), and the Pachamama who protects them. Their presence is accepted based on possible or real use
Anthropogenic assets	Local communities or cooperatives	IPLCs individuals trained and advised to carry out vicuña management. Drivers of wild vicuñas into a corral
	IPLCs builders	Local manufacturers of the capture funnel and corral
	IPLCs Shearers	Specialists in shearing with scissors
	Researchers	Research on vicuñas ecology, animal welfare, and management impact. Technical procedures and technology of capture and shearing. Research on biological and social conservation and use of vicuñas. Environmental education
	Local schools	Environmental education, from a mixture of traditional and Western hegemonic knowledge on the Andean environment
	Luxury garment businessmen, shopkeepers European designers and industries	They employ numerous people in industry and commerce