. 2020 Oct 26;96(1):183–202. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.022

Table 2.

Clinical Characteristics, Interventions, and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19

Characteristics	Asian (30 studies)	European and American (21 studies)
Age range (y), median
Overall	49-71⁴^,²⁶^,²⁷^,29, 30, 31, 32, 33^,⁴²^,44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51^,⁵³^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁹^,⁷⁴^,⁷⁷	58-7022, 23, 24, 25^,³²^,³⁵^,³⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁷⁶^,⁸²^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁸^,⁹⁰
Fatal cases	66-73⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵	72 (Italy)⁹⁵; 77 (UK)¹⁰³
Male
Overall	46%-91%⁴^,²⁶^,²⁷^,29, 30, 31^,⁴²^,44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51^,⁵³^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁹^,⁷⁴^,⁷⁷	52%-90%22, 23, 24, 25^,³²^,³⁵^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁷⁵^,⁸⁸^,⁹⁰
Fatal cases	64%-85%⁹⁶^,98, 99, 100, 101, 102^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵	90% (Italy)⁹⁵; 60% (UK)¹⁰³
Symptoms
Common	Fever, 46%-100%; cough, 22%-85%; dyspnea, 30%-100%; fatigue, 10%-100%; myalgia, 2%-50%; sputum, 20%-61%; diarrhea, 6%-31%⁴^,²⁶^,²⁷^,29, 30, 31^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵³^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁹^,⁷⁷^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴	Fever, 35%-100%; cough, 30%-88%; dyspnea/SOB, 24%-91%; fatigue, 19%-67%; myalgia, 5%-55%; sputum, 42%; diarrhea, 12%-28%²⁴^,²⁵^,³²^,⁴⁰^,⁷⁵^,⁷⁶^,⁸⁸^,¹⁰³
Neurologic	46% (China)⁶⁹	84% (France)³⁸; 21% (Turkey)²³
Comorbidities
Overall	Any: 38%-85%⁴^,²⁶^,²⁷^,29, 30, 31^,⁴⁶^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵³^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁹ Respiratory, 1%-8%²⁹^,³⁰ (COPD, 8%⁴^,²⁷); diabetes, 8%-27%⁴^,²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁰; hypertension, 15%-65%⁴^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁰; cardiovascular, 10%-32%⁴^,²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁰; neurologic, 14%-17%²⁷^,²⁹; CKD, 4%-6%²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁰; cancer, 4%-11%²⁷^,²⁹; smoking, 4%-50%29, 30, 31	Any: 68%-86%²²^,²⁴^,⁷⁵ Respiratory, 7%-18%²⁵^,³²^,³⁵^,⁴⁰ (COPD, 4%-33%²²^,²⁴); diabetes, 17%-58%²²^,²⁴^,²⁵^,³²^,³⁵^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹; hypertension, 33%-51%²²^,²⁵^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹; cardiovascular, 4%-48%²²^,²⁵^,³⁵^,⁴⁰; CKD, 3%-48%²²^,²⁴^,²⁵^,³²^,³⁵^,⁴⁰; cancer, 5%-8%²²^,²⁵^,³⁵^,⁴⁰; smoking, 22%-34%²²^,³²; obesity, 43%⁷⁶; OSA, 21%-29%²⁴^,³²
Fatal cases	Any: 63%-77%⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵; COPD, 2%-5%⁹⁹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴; diabetes, 18%-35%98, 99, 100, 101, 102^,¹⁰⁴; hypertension, 38%-65%98, 99, 100, 101, 102^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵; cardiovascular, 12%-37%98, 99, 100, 101, 102^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵; neurologic, 4%-18%⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴; CKD, 3%-18%⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴; cancer, 2%-7%⁹⁸^,100, 101, 102^,¹⁰⁴; smoking, 8%⁹⁸	Up to 90%⁹⁵^,¹⁰³: COPD, 20%-21%; diabetes, 47%-65%; hypertension, 55%-68%; cardiovascular, up to 90%; neurologic, 15%; CKD, 30%-53%; cancer, 15%-37%; smoking, 34%; obesity, 28%; OSA, 10%¹⁰³
Chest imaging
Bilateral infiltrates	100% (x-ray³¹^,⁹⁸); 82%-100% (CT⁴^,²⁷^,⁴⁶^,⁵¹^,⁶⁷^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰²)	50%-100% (x-ray²⁵^,³²^,⁴⁰^,⁷⁶^,¹⁰³)
Severity on ICU admission
APACHE II score	11-17²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁰	18³⁷
SOFA score	2-5²⁷^,³⁰^,³¹	8³⁵^,³⁷
Time from symptom onset (d), median/mean
To hospital admission	4-10⁴^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³¹^,⁴⁸^,⁵¹^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁵	4-8²⁴^,³²^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁷⁶
To ICU admission	6-10²⁷^,²⁹^,³¹	3²³
Complications
ARDS	58%-100% (overall)⁴^,²⁷^,29, 30, 31^,⁷⁴; 74%-100% (fatal cases)⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵	75%-100% (overall)²⁴^,³²^,³⁵^,³⁸^,⁴⁰
Acute cardiac injury	8%-31% (overall)⁴^,²⁷^,²⁹^,⁴⁶^,⁵⁰; 42%-77% (fatal cases)⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁵	8% (patients receiving IMV)⁷⁶; cardiomyopathy in 33% (overall)²⁴
Acute kidney injury	6%-37% (overall)⁴^,²⁷^,²⁹^,⁴⁶^,⁵⁰^,⁷⁴; 25%-88% (fatal cases)⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰⁵	19% with acute kidney failure (overall)²⁴; 68%-84% (fatal cases)¹⁰⁸
Acute liver injury	6%-29% (overall)²⁹^,⁴⁶^,⁵⁰^,⁷⁴; 9%-77% (fatal cases)⁹⁸^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁵	14% (overall)²⁴; 7%-19% (fatal cases)¹⁰⁸
Pulmonary embolism	NA	17%-21% (overall) (France)³⁵^,³⁹
Sepsis	33%-100% (fatal cases)⁹⁸^,¹⁰²	NA
Shock	23%-31% (overall)⁴^,²⁷; 41%-81% (fatal cases)⁹⁸^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²	NA
Secondary infection	Bacterial: 2%-35% (overall)⁴^,²⁹^,⁴⁶^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁶⁴; 16%-82% (fatal cases)⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵ Viral: 11% (fatal cases)⁹⁹	Bacterial: 5%-12% (overall)²⁴^,⁷⁶ Viral: 14% (overall)²⁴
Intervention
HFNC	10%-68%²⁷^,29, 30, 31^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁹⁸^,¹⁰⁴	2%-15% (US)²⁴^,²⁵^,⁴⁰^,⁷⁶^,⁸⁸; 42% (early stage in the US)³²
NIMV	11%-72% (overall)⁴^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁰^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁶⁷^,⁹⁸^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵	0%-30% (overall)22, 23, 24, 25^,³²^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁷⁶^,¹⁰³
IMV	15%-47% (ICU patients)⁴^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³⁰; 15%-84% (fatal cases)⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵	70%-100% (ICU patients)22, 23, 24, 25^,³²^,³⁵^,³⁷^,⁴⁰; 15%-51% (fatal cases)¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁸
ECMO	1%-15%⁴^,²⁷^,29, 30, 31^,⁴⁶^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵	0%-8%²²^,³²^,³⁵^,⁴⁰^,⁸⁸
Prone ventilation	4%-12%²⁹^,¹⁰⁴	27%-47%²²^,²⁴^,³²^,⁴⁰
Vasopressor	35%-95%²⁹^,³¹	67%-95%²⁴^,³²^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁷⁶
CRRT	3%-30%⁴^,²⁷^,²⁹^,³¹^,⁵⁰^,⁶⁷^,⁹⁸^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵	13%-35%³⁵^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁷⁶^,¹⁰⁸
Clinical outcomes
Hospital LOS (d), median range	10-24 (overall)⁴²^,⁴⁸^,⁵¹^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁷; 5-14 (fatal cases)⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰⁴	12-22 (overall)³²^,³⁷^,⁸²; 3-8 (fatal cases)¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁸
ICU LOS (d), median range	7-9⁴⁸	9-10²²^,³²^,³⁵^,³⁷; 18 (patients receiving IMV)⁴⁰
Mortality	8%-83% for severe disease⁴^,³⁰^,⁴²^,⁴⁴^,46, 47, 48^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁷^,⁷⁴^,⁷⁷	9%-52% (overall)²²^,²⁴^,²⁵^,³⁵^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹; 88% (patients receiving IMV)¹⁰⁸

APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; CT, computed tomography; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; LOS, length of stay; NA, not applicable; NIMV, noninvasive mechanical ventilation; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; SOB, short of breath; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; US, United States.