. 2020 Oct 26;96(1):183–202. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.022

Table 3.

Pharmacological Treatment for Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19

Category	Study design	Conclusion
Antiviral	Observational	44%-100% in Asia⁴^,²⁷^,29, 30, 31^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷^,⁷⁷^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰⁴; 4%-29% in the US⁴⁰^,⁷⁶^,⁸⁸; 65%-100% in Europe³⁵^,⁷⁵
Lopinavir-ritonavir	RCT	No benefit of lopinavir-ritonavir treatment in clinical improvement or reducing 28-day mortality⁸⁷
Remdesivir	2 RCTs; 1 prospective observational study	Remdesivir did not provide significant clinical or antiviral effects in severe COVID-19⁵⁸ Remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the median time to recovery⁸³ 68% of severe COVID-19 patients treated with compassionate-use remdesivir had clinical improvement in oxygen support status⁷⁹
Hydroxychloroquine	Observational	89%-91% in the US⁴⁰^,⁸⁸; 33% in France³⁵ Treatment with hydroxychloroquine was not associated with significantly reduced in-hospital mortality or intubation. Adverse events: abnormal ECG findings (27%), particularly arrhythmia (16%) and QT prolongation (14%)⁸⁰^,⁹²
Chloroquine diphosphate	RCT	No apparent benefit of chloroquine was seen regarding lethality; the high dosage of chloroquine (600 mg twice daily for 10 days) should not be recommended for critically ill patients because of its association with more toxic effects and higher mortality³³
Antibacterial	Observational	43%-100% in China⁴^,⁵^,²⁰^,²⁹^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵⁴^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷^,⁷²^,⁷⁴^,⁷⁷^,⁸⁴^,⁸⁷^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁹; 75%-98% in the US⁴⁰^,⁸⁰; 88%-100% in Europe³⁷^,⁷⁵
Corticosteroid	Observational	33%-100% in Asia⁴^,²⁷^,29, 30, 31^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷^,⁷³^,⁷⁴^,⁷⁷^,⁸⁴^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵; 8%-25% in the US²⁵^,⁴⁰^,⁷⁶
Immunoglobulin	Observational	14%-76% in Asia²⁰^,29, 30, 31^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁰^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷^,⁷⁴^,⁹⁸^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰² None reported in Europe or America Early treatment with immunoglobulin reduced hospital and ICU LOS and 28-day mortality³⁴
Interferon	Observational	22%-63% in Asia³⁰^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁸^,⁸⁹^,⁹⁸^,¹⁰²

COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ECG, electrocardiographic; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay; RCT, randomized clinical trial; US, United States.