TABLE 3.
Associations of bacterial carriage of the upper airways with lung function and asthma at age 10 y
|
FEV1 Z‐score difference (95% Confidence Interval) n = 719 |
FVC Z‐score difference (95% Confidence Interval) n = 719 |
FEV1/FVC Z‐score difference (95% Confidence Interval) n = 719 |
FEF75 Z‐score difference (95% Confidence Interval) n = 719 |
Current asthma Odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval) n = 762 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 mo | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.21) | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | 0.02 (−0.16, 0.21) | 0.01 (−0.16, 0.17) | 0.75 (0.27, 2.03) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0.01 (−0.37, 0.40) | 0.15 (−0.23, 0.52) | −0.28 (−0.71, 0.15) | −0.30 (−0.70, 0.07) | −− |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.28) | −0.00 (−0.26, 0.26) | 0.01 (−0.29, 0.31) | 0.04 (−0.23, 0.30) | 0.55 (0.07, 4.62) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0.09 (−0.23, 0.41) | −0.01 (−0.32, 0.30) | 0.19 (−0.16, 0.54) | 0.10 (−0.21, 0.41) | 0.70 (0.08, 6.14) |
| Any nasopharyngeal carriage | 0.03 (−0.20, 0.25) | 0.00 (−0.21, 0.22) | 0.03 (0.21, 0.28) | −0.02 (−0.24, 0.20) | 0.45 (0.09, 2.20) |
| 6 mo | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | −0.01 (−0.18, 0.16) | 0.01 (−0.15, 0.18) | −0.04 (−0.23, 0.15) | −0.06 (−0.23, 0.11) | 0.84 (0.30, 2.39) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0.03 (−0.15, 0.20) | 0.02 (−0.14, 0.19) | −0.02 (−0.21, 0.17) | −0.06 (−0.23, 0.11) | 0.59 (0.19, 1.86) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | −0.02 (−0.18, 0.13) | −0.03 (−0.17, 0.12) | −0.02 (−0.19, 0.15) | −0.00 (−0.16, 0.16) | 1.53 (0.65, 3.61) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0.02 (−0.14, 0.17) | −0.01 (−0.16, 0.14) | 0.04 (−0.13, 0.21) | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.20) | 0.42 (0.14, 1.32) |
| Any nasopharyngeal carriage | −0.09 (−0.24, 0.07) | −0.07 (−0.22, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.19, 0.15) | −0.05 (−0.21, 0.10) | 0.81 (0.33, 1.98) |
| 14 mo | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | −0.13 (−0.34, 0.08) | −0.05 (−0.25, 0.15) | −0.13 (−0.35, 0.10) | −0.17 (−0.38, 0.04) | 1.65 (0.58, 4.71) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | −0.19 (−0.35, −0.02)* | −0.14 (−0.30, 0.02) | −0.05 (−0.23, 0.13) | −0.13 (−0.30, 0.03) | 0.28 (0.08, 0.99)* |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 0.12 (−0.04, 0.29) | 0.10 (−0.06, 0.26) | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.19) | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.22) | 0.91 (0.34, 2.43) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0.07 (−0.09, 0.24) | 0.07 (−0.09, 0.22) | −0.03 (−0.20, 0.15) | 0.07 (−0.09, 0.23) | 0.47 (0.18, 1.22) |
| Any nasopharyngeal carriage | 0.03 (−0.14, 0.21) | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.21) | −0.04 (−0.23, 0.15) | −0.02 (−0.20, 0.15) | 0.38 (0.15, 0.94)* |
| 2 y | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 0.13 (−0.11, 0.37) | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.21) | 0.26 (0.01, 0.51)* | 0.21 (−0.02, 0.44) | 1.46 (0.46, 4.63) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0.18 (−0.01, 0.37) | 0.13 (−0.06, 0.32) | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.26) | 0.18 (−0.01, 0.36) | 0.63 (0.20, 1.97) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 0.06 (−0.12, 0.24) | 0.00 (−0.17, 0.18) | 0.08 (−0.11, 0.27) | 0.15 (−0.02, 0.33) | 0.45 (0.15, 1.39) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0.16 (−0.02, 0.33) | 0.12 (−0.05, 0.28) | 0.06 (−0.13, 0.24) | 0.14 (−0.03, 0.31) | 0.86 (0.34, 2.19) |
| Any nasopharyngeal carriage | 0.17 (−0.01, 0.35) | 0.10 (−0.07, 0.27) | 0.10 (−0.09, 0.29) | 0.21 (0.04, 0.39)* | 0.68 (0.27, 1.71) |
| 3 y | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 0.10 (−0.12, 0.31) | 0.07 (−0.15, 0.25) | 0.13 (−0.09, 0.35) | 0.11 (−0.10, 0.32) | 1.79 (0.62, 5.17) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.20) | 0.00 (−0.18, 0.19) | 0.03 (−0.17, 0.22) | 0.00 (−0.18, 0.18) | 1.61 (0.57, 4.54) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 0.10 (−0.09, 0.28) | 0.14 (−0.05, 0.32) | −0.04 (−0.23, 0.15) | 0.05 (−0.13, 0.23) | 1.38 (0.51, 3.70) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0.09 (−0.09, 0.27) | 0.10 (−0.07, 0.28) | −0.00 (−0.18, 0.18) | −0.00 (−0.17, 0.17) | 1.66 (0.65, 4.25) |
| Any nasopharyngeal carriage | 0.15 (−0.01, 0.30) | 0.15 (0.01, 0.31)* | −0.00 (−0.16, 0.16) | 0.07 (−0.09, 0.22) | 1.65 (0.65, 4.14) |
| 6 y | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | −0.01 (−0.16, 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.16) | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) | 0.05 (−0.10, 0.19) | 0.95 (0.39, 2.32) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0.03 (−0.17, 0.23) | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.24) | −0.04 (−0.26, 0.19) | −0.03 (−0.22, 0.17) | 0.96 (0.28, 3.30) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 0.10 (−0.10, 0.31) | 0.13 (−0.07, 0.33) | −0.08 (−0.30, 0.15) | −0.08 (−0.28, 0.12) | 1.08 (0.31, 3.73) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | −0.06 (−0.22, 0.09) | −0.12 (−0.26, 0.03) | 0.10 (−0.06, 0.27) | 0.08 (−0.07, 0.23) | 1.10 (0.45, 2.69) |
| Any nasopharyngeal carriage | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.14) | −0.00 (−0.13, 0.13) | 0.00 (−0.14, 0.15) | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.14) | 1.38 (0.63, 3.03) |
Values are odds ratios (OR) or changes in Z‐score with 95% confidence interval, derived from logistic and linear regression models, respectively. *P‐value < .05, **P‐value < .01. Models are adjusted for maternal history of asthma and atopy, education level, smoking during pregnancy, stress during pregnancy, parity and pet keeping, and child's gestational age at birth, breastfeeding, day care attendance, and antibiotic use in the past 2 mo (2 mo), 6 mo (6 mo), or year (1‐6 y). For the association of H influenza at the age of 6 wk with current asthma, not effect estimate could be given due to limited power, as indicated by ‐‐‐. Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1). Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Flow after exhaling 75% of FVC (FEF75). Information on lung function and asthma was obtained at age 10 y.