Table 1.

Comparison of limit of detection (LOD) and the linear range of different spectral detection methods for Pb²⁺Detection.

Detection methods	Linear range	LOD	refs
Fluorescent	5 nM to 5 μM	2 nM	[41]
Fluorescent	0 nM to 200 μM	9.64 nM	[42]
Colorimtric	3 nM to 1 μM	3 nM	[43]
Colorimetrie	25 nM to 300 μM	20 nM	[44]
electrochemistry	0.005 nM to 1000 μM	2 pM	[45]
SERS	20 nM to 1 μM	20 nM	[46]
SERS	0 nMto 100 μM	0.01 nM	this work