Table 4. Walking School Bus Implementation Contextual Factors, by Area Income and Program.
| Implementation Contextual Factors | Overall Sample | Area Incomea
,
b (N = 150) |
Location (N = 184) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (No. = 27) |
Moderate (No. = 60) |
Low (No. = 63) |
Within US (No. = 150) |
Outside US (No. = 34) |
||
| Built environment | ||||||
| Environmental supportiveness, 0–3 | 2.08 (1.06) | 2.04 (1.06) | 2.07 (1.06) | 1.94 (1.13) | 2.0 (1.08) | 2.45 (0.85) |
| Program coordination, No. (%) | ||||||
| Coordinated by school or district | 85 (46.2) | 13 (48.1) | 25 (41.7) | 37 (58.7) | 75 (50.0) | 10 (29.4) |
| Coordinated by parent | 26 (14.1) | 8 (29.6)c | 10 (16.7)d | 2 (3.2)c , d | 20 (13.3) | 6 (17.6) |
| Coordinated by external organization | 73 (39.7) | 6 (22.2) | 25 (41.7) | 24 (38.1) | 55 (36.7) | 18 (52.9) |
| Route leader characteristics | ||||||
| Number of route leaders | 4.57 (5.14) | 4.93 (4.28) | 4.13 (5.21) | 3.57 (2.88) | 4.04 (4.20)e 4.0 (4.20) | 6.97 (7.80)e |
| School route leader involvement (0–3) | 1.29 (1.17) | 1.44 (1.19) | 1.02 (1.16)c | 1.79 (1.06) | 1.4 (1.17)e | 0.74 (0.99)e |
| External route leader involvement (0-4) | 1.68 (1.24) | 1.70 (1.23) | 1.75 (1.26) | 1.71 (1.26) | 1.73 (1.25) | 1.47 (1.19) |
| Program funding, No. (%) | ||||||
| Any external funding | 112 (60.9) | 10 (37.0)c , d | 40 (66.7) | 45 (71.4)d | 95 (63.3) | 17 (50.0) |
| Personal supports and resources | ||||||
| School supports (0–7) | 4.15 (1.95) | 3.93 (2.20) | 4.10 (1.82) | 4.44 (1.64) | 4.2 (1.82)e | 3.88 (2.43)e |
| Parent supports (0–2) | 1.36 (0.69) | 1.37 (0.63) | 1.37 (0.69) | 1.22 (0.71) | 1.3 (0.68) | 1.59 (0.70) |
| Support activities | ||||||
| Built environment activities (0–6) | 1.35 (1.44) | 0.96 (1.22) | 1.52 (1.37) | 1.71 (1.58) | 1.50 (1.46) | 0.71 (1.17) |
| Other active travel to school activities (0–7) | 3.69 (2.19) | 3.07 (1.92) | 3.48 (1.85) | 4.10 (2.35) | 3.67 (2.11) | 3.76 (2.55) |
| Total activities (0–13) | 5.04 (2.92) | 4.04 (2.47) | 5.00 (2.79) | 5.81 (3.35) | 5.17 (3.04) | 4.47 (2.30) |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
a
Excludes programs outside the United States.
b
High income = 0% to 33% free or reduced-priced lunch eligibility (FRPL); moderate income = 33.1% to 66% FRPL; low income = 66.1% to 100% FRPL.
c,d,e
Values within a row that share a common superscript are significantly different, whereas values that do not share a common superscript are not significantly different (P < .05).