Figure 1.

Timeline of federal efforts to improve quality of cardiovascular care. (A) Timeline for various value-based purchasing (VBP) programs divided by hospital-level (orange) and physician-level programs (green). The HRRP and HVBP were created after the ACA and will potentially be consolidated, with other federal hospital programs, into a single program in 2022. Prior physician-level programs such as PQRS, MU, and PVBM were consolidated into the QPP in 2019. The QPP has two main components, MIPS and APMs. (B) The two main APMs for cardiovascular care include ACOs and BPCI-A. ACA: Affordable Care Act; ACO: Accountable Care Organization; APM: Alternative Payment Model; BPCI: Bundled Payments for Care Improvement; BPCI-A: Bundled Payments for Care Improvement-Advanced; HRRP: Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program; HVBP: Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Program; MIPS: Merit-based Incentive Payment System; MU: Meaningful Use Program; PQRS: Physician Quality Reporting System; PVBM: Physician Value-Based Modifier Program; QPP: Quality Payment Program