Table 1.
Molecular Targets of Interest in Preclinical and Clinical Target Validation in Pancreas Cancer
| Parameter | Target |
|---|---|
| Tumor cell signaling | K-Ras |
| Raf | |
| MEK | |
| PI3-K | |
| EGFR | |
| IGF-1R | |
| VEGF/VEFGR | |
| HIF-1alpha | |
| TGF-beta | |
| c-Met | |
| Stem cell signaling | Hedgehog |
| CXCR4 | |
| Bmi-1 | |
| Notch | |
| Microenvironment | Stellate cells signaling pathways |
| VEGF/VEGFR and other vascular targets | |
| CTLA-4 | |
| OX-40 | |
| PD-1 and VEGF | |
| B7-H1/B7-H4 | |
| Tregs | |
| MDSC | |
| COX-2 | |
| STATs |
Abbreviations: Raf, root abundant factor; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3-K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, VEGF receptor; HIF-1 alpha, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha; TGF-beta, transforming growth factor-beta; c-MET; mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; Bmi-1, BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4; OX-40, a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member; PD-1, prephenate dehydratase; B7-H1, Cd274; B7-H4, V-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1; Tregs, regulatory T cells; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; STATs, signal transducers and activators of transcription.