Table 1.
Subject Demographics and Clinical Data
| Variable | Healthy Control Subjects | COVID19– Patients | COVID19+ Patients | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 10 | 10 | 10 | 1.000 |
| Age, yr | 57.5 (52.8–62.8) | 58.0 (52.5–63.0) | 61.0 (54.8–67.0) | 0.686 |
| Sex | 7 Female:3 Male | 7 Female:3 Male | 7 Female:3 Male | 1.000 |
| Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score | 6.0 (3.8–8.0) | 4.0 (2.5–7.3) | 0.251 | |
| Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score | 7.5 (4.8–11.0) | 4.5 (2.8–9.3) | 0.160 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 8 (80) | 6 (60) | 0.628 | |
| Diabetes | 4 (40) | 3 (30) | 1.000 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1 (10) | 2 (20) | 1.000 | |
| Cancer | 1 (10) | 2 (20) | 1.000 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | |
| Baseline medications | ||||
| Antiplatelet agents | 6 (60) | 2 (20) | 0.170 | |
| Anticoagulants | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | |
| Baseline labs | ||||
| WBC | 15.3 (11.1–23.0) | 8.5 (6.3–16.1) | 0.064 | |
| Neutrophils | 12.2 (8.1–15.2) | 7.7 (5.7–13.3) | 0.197 | |
| Lymphocytes | 1.6 (0.5–2.3) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 0.141 | |
| Platelets | 184 (159–245) | 206 (109–294) | 0.623 | |
| Hemoglobin | 130 (104–142) | 122 (102–136) | 0.364 | |
| Creatinine | 80 (54–147) | 107 (55–288) | 0.571 | |
| Chest x-ray findings | ||||
| Bilateral pneumonia | 1 (10) | 9 (90) | 0.001* | |
| Unilateral pneumonia | 5 (50) | 0 (0) | 0.033* | |
| Interstitial infiltrates | 1 (10) | 1 (10) | 1.000 | |
| Normal | 3 (30) | 0 (0) | 0.211 | |
| Arterial-partial-pressure-to-inspired-oxygen ratio | 172 (132–304) | 124 (69–202) | 0.153 | |
| Sepsis diagnosis | ||||
| Suspected | 8 (80) | 0 (0) | 0.001* | |
| Confirmed | 2 (20) | 10 (100) | 0.001* | |
| Interventions during study | ||||
| Antibiotics | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.000 | |
| Antivirals | 0 (0) | 3 (30) | 0.211 | |
| Steroids | 3 (30) | 2 (20) | 1.000 | |
| Vasoactive medications | 6 (60) | 7 (70) | 1.000 | |
| VTE prophylaxis | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.000 | |
| New antiplatelets | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 1.000 | |
| New anticoagulation | 2 (20) | 1 (10) | 1.000 | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 1 (10) | 2 (20) | 1.000 | |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 2 (20) | 5 (50) | 0.350 | |
| Noninvasive MV | 8 (80) | 6 (60) | 0.628 | |
| Invasive MV | 8 (80) | 7 (70) | 1.000 | |
| Patient outcome | ||||
| Venous thromboembolism/ischemic stroke | 2 (20) | 1 (10) | 1.000 | |
| Survived | 10 (100) | 6 (60) | 0.087 | |
MV = mechanical ventilation.
Continuous data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges) and categorical data are presented as n (%). VTE prophylaxis represents the number of patients receiving venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with regular- or low-molecular heparin; new antiplatelets represents the number of patients who were started on aspirin or clopidogrel during ICU stay; new anticoagulation represents the number of patients who were started on therapeutic anticoagulation with regular- or low-molecular heparin, or novel oral anticoagulants