Table 1.

Overview of clinical studies performed by using Raman spectroscopy as a diagnosis tool in vivo in humans.

Methodology	Disease Type/Metabolite	Patient Number	Results			Reference
			Sensitivity	Specificity	Accuracy
Probe (830 nm)	Nondysplastic Barrett’s esophagus (NDBE)	62	86	88		[20]
Probe (785 nm)		65	86	88	87	[21]
Confocal Probe (785 nm)	Barrett’s esophagus (BE)	373	87	84.7		[22]
Probe (785 nm)	Cervical Cancer	63	100	96.7		[23]
Probe (785 nm)		93				[24]
Confocal Microscope (532 nm)		30	100	100	100	[25]
Portable (785 nm)	Cervical Precancer	172			97	[26]
Portable with probe (785 nm)		79	89	81		[27]
Portable with probe (785 nm)		145			94	[28]
Benchtop with probe (785 nm)	Lung Cancer	10	94	92		[29]
Portable with probe (785 nm)	Brain Cancer	17	93	91		[30]
Portable with probe (785 nm)		10	84	89	87	[31]
Microscope	Osteoarthritis	40	74	71		[32]
Probe (830 nm)	Skin Cancer	76	100	100	100	[33]
Probe (785 nm)		104	74	82		[34]
Confocal Probe (785 nm)	Oral Cancer	84	92.7 (tumor)	98.66 (control)		[35]
Confocal Microscope (785 nm)	Oral Cancer (urine tested)	167	98.6	87.1	93.7	[36]
Dispersive (830 nm)	Prostate Cancer (blood tested)	107	87.41	76.47		[37]
Confocal Microscope (785 nm)	Atopic Dermatitis	132	98.73	86.89		[38]
Confocal Microscope (1064 nm)	FM *, RA *, SLE *	88	no misclassified sample			[39]

* FM: Fibromyalgia, RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.