Table 3.
Overview of the analytes detected from biofluids using Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy.
Methodology | Analyte | Tested Biofluid | Limit of Detection | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dispersive Raman 785 nm—SERS | Cocaine | Saliva | 25 ng/mL | [61] |
FT-Raman 785 nm—SERS | 5-Fluorouracil | 150 ng/mL | [62] | |
Handheld Raman 633 nm—SERS | S100P mRNA * | 1.1 nM | [63] | |
FT-Raman 785 nm—SERS | Cocaine, PCP *, diazepam, acetaminophen | Cocaine: 50 ng/mL, PCP: 1 mcg/mL, diazepam: 1 mcg/mL, acetaminophen: 10 mcg/mL | [64] | |
Raman Microscope 633 nm—SERS | Morphine | 2.4 × 10−4 ng/mL | [65] | |
Raman Microscope 633 nm—SERRS * | Hemozoin - Malaria Biomarker | Blood | 30 parasites/μl | [66] |
Raman Microscope 633 nm—SERS | d-Glucose | 1 µM | [67] | |
Raman—SERS | E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa | E. coli: 3 × 104 CFU/mL, S. aureus: 3 × 103 CFU/mL, P. aeruginosa: 5 × 103 CFU/mL | [68] | |
Raman Microscope 633 nm—SERS | Interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, IL-16) | IL-6: 2.3 pg/mL, IL-8: 6.5 pg/mL, IL-16: 4.2 pg/mL | [69] | |
Raman Microscope 785 nm | Red blood cell | 250 fL (as little as a single red blood cell) | [70] | |
Raman Microscope 514 nm—IERS * | TAFC-Biomarker of invasive aspergillosis | Urine | 0.5 ng/mL | [71] |
Raman—S-SERS * | Creatinine | 0.68 mg/dl | [72] | |
Raman Microscope 785 nm—SERS | Mephedrone, nor-mephedrone, 4-methylephedrine | ~2 nM (0.41 g/L) | [73] | |
Handheld Raman 785 nm—SERS | Methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and methcathinone (MC) | 0.1 ppm | [74] | |
FT-IR benchtop | Candida, Gardnerella vaginalis | Vaginal fluid | Candida: 0.25 × 102 CFU/mL, Gardnerella vaginalis 1 × 102 CFU/mL | [75] |
FT-IR benchtop | Thiocyanate | Saliva | 140 pM | [76] |
FT-IR benchtop—ATR * | Cocaine | 10 µg/mL | [77] | |
FT-IR | CYFRA-21-1 biomarker of oral cancer | 0.122 ng/mL | [78] | |
FT-IR benchtop—single reflection ATR | Albumin | Urine | 6.7 ppm | [79] |
FT-IR benchtop—nine reflection ATR | Lidocaine | 0.5 mg/L | [80] | |
FT-IR benchtop—ATR | Synthetic cannabinoids | JWH-018: 0.3 pg/mL, JWH-073: 0.45 pg/mL, JWH-018 pentanoic acid: 0.4 pg/mL, JWH-073 butanoic acid: 0.2 pg/mL | [81] |
* S100P mRNA: S100 calcium-binding protein P mRNA—a potential biomarker for oral cancer, PCP: (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine), SERRS: surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy, IERS: interference-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, TAFC: Triacetylfusarinine C, S-SERS: stamping surface enhanced Raman scattering, ATR: Attenuated total reflectance.