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. 2020 Oct 15;25(20):4725. doi: 10.3390/molecules25204725

Table 3.

Overview of the analytes detected from biofluids using Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy.

Methodology Analyte Tested Biofluid Limit of Detection Reference
Dispersive Raman 785 nm—SERS Cocaine Saliva 25 ng/mL [61]
FT-Raman 785 nm—SERS 5-Fluorouracil 150 ng/mL [62]
Handheld Raman 633 nm—SERS S100P mRNA * 1.1 nM [63]
FT-Raman 785 nm—SERS Cocaine, PCP *, diazepam, acetaminophen Cocaine: 50 ng/mL, PCP: 1 mcg/mL, diazepam: 1 mcg/mL, acetaminophen: 10 mcg/mL [64]
Raman Microscope 633 nm—SERS Morphine 2.4 × 10−4 ng/mL [65]
Raman Microscope 633 nm—SERRS * Hemozoin - Malaria Biomarker Blood 30 parasites/μl [66]
Raman Microscope 633 nm—SERS d-Glucose 1 µM [67]
Raman—SERS E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa E. coli: 3 × 104 CFU/mL, S. aureus: 3 × 103 CFU/mL, P. aeruginosa: 5 × 103 CFU/mL [68]
Raman Microscope 633 nm—SERS Interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, IL-16) IL-6: 2.3 pg/mL, IL-8: 6.5 pg/mL, IL-16: 4.2 pg/mL [69]
Raman Microscope 785 nm Red blood cell 250 fL (as little as a single red blood cell) [70]
Raman Microscope 514 nm—IERS * TAFC-Biomarker of invasive aspergillosis Urine 0.5 ng/mL [71]
Raman—S-SERS * Creatinine 0.68 mg/dl [72]
Raman Microscope 785 nm—SERS Mephedrone, nor-mephedrone, 4-methylephedrine ~2 nM (0.41 g/L) [73]
Handheld Raman 785 nm—SERS Methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and methcathinone (MC) 0.1 ppm [74]
FT-IR benchtop Candida, Gardnerella vaginalis Vaginal fluid Candida: 0.25 × 102 CFU/mL, Gardnerella vaginalis 1 ×  102 CFU/mL [75]
FT-IR benchtop Thiocyanate Saliva 140 pM [76]
FT-IR benchtop—ATR * Cocaine 10 µg/mL [77]
FT-IR CYFRA-21-1 biomarker of oral cancer 0.122 ng/mL [78]
FT-IR benchtop—single reflection ATR Albumin Urine 6.7 ppm [79]
FT-IR benchtop—nine reflection ATR Lidocaine 0.5 mg/L [80]
FT-IR benchtop—ATR Synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018: 0.3 pg/mL, JWH-073: 0.45 pg/mL, JWH-018 pentanoic acid: 0.4 pg/mL, JWH-073 butanoic acid: 0.2 pg/mL [81]

* S100P mRNA: S100 calcium-binding protein P mRNA—a potential biomarker for oral cancer, PCP: (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine), SERRS: surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy, IERS: interference-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, TAFC: Triacetylfusarinine C, S-SERS: stamping surface enhanced Raman scattering, ATR: Attenuated total reflectance.