| CAVD | Calcific aortic valve disease |
| ECM | Extracellular matrix |
| VSMCs | Vascular smooth muscle cells |
| VICs | Valvular interstitial cells |
| BHVs | Bioprosthetic heart valves |
| SVD | Structural valve deterioration |
| AVs | Aortic valves |
| RBCs | Red blood cells |
| COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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