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. 2020 Oct 23;4(10):e22043. doi: 10.2196/22043

Table 2.

Logistic regression models showing associations between depression (Models 1 and 3), anxiety (Models 2 and 4), demographic variables, and sources of concern (N=1083).

Predictor variables Model 1 (PHQ-2a) Model 2 (GAD-7b) Model 3 (PHQ-2) Model 4 (GAD-7)

Odds ratio P value Odds ratio P value Odds ratio P value Odds ratio P value
Age 0.78 <.001c 0.72 <.001c 0.76 <.001c 0.68 <.001c
Race

White Refd Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref

Black 2.13 .45 2.00 .49 0.75 .82 0.54 .64

Native American or American Indian 1.91 .31 2.11 .24 1.98 .32 2.35 .21

Asian 0.50 .24 0.41 .14 0.49 .25 0.34 .10
Ethnicity

Hispanic Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref

Non-Hispanic 1.34 .39 1.02 .94 1.43 .31 1.01 .99
Work status

Working remotely before and after COVID-19 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref

Unemployed prior to COVID-19 1.51 .22 0.92 .79 1.33 .42 0.69 .26

Work outside home 1.00 .99 0.97 .93 1.00 .99 0.91 .78

No longer working due to COVID-19 2.25 .02e 1.92 .06 1.80 .11 1.32 .45

Working remotely due to COVID-19 0.75 .31 0.77 .36 0.72 .28 0.70 .22
Insurance

Full coverage Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref

Partial coverage 2.67 .02e 1.20 .67 2.35 .04e 1.05 .91

Medicare/Medicaid 1.22 .49 1.97 .03e 1.19 .58 2.18 .02e

None 3.22 .01c 4.48 <.001c 1.84 .20 3.09 .03e
Gender

Female Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref

Male 1.19 .41 0.75 .19 1.33 .22 0.91 .68
Household size 0.91 .12 0.97 .65 0.91 .13 0.99 .84
Financial concern N/Af N/A N/A N/A 1.49 <.001c 1.32 .01c
Food access concern N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.29 .01c 1.39 <.001c
Economy-related concern N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.27 .08 1.29 .07
Illness-related concern N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.97 .84 1.33 .12
Death-related concern N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.21 .21 1.33 .07
Adjusted R2 .07 N/A .09 N/A .13 N/A .18 N/A

aPHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item scale.

bGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale.

cP<.05.

dRef: reference.

eP<.01.

fN/A: not applicable.