Table 2.
Logistic regression models showing associations between depression (Models 1 and 3), anxiety (Models 2 and 4), demographic variables, and sources of concern (N=1083).
| Predictor variables | Model 1 (PHQ-2a) | Model 2 (GAD-7b) | Model 3 (PHQ-2) | Model 4 (GAD-7) | ||||||||||||
|
|
Odds ratio | P value | Odds ratio | P value | Odds ratio | P value | Odds ratio | P value | ||||||||
| Age | 0.78 | <.001c | 0.72 | <.001c | 0.76 | <.001c | 0.68 | <.001c | ||||||||
| Race | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
White | Refd | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
|
|
Black | 2.13 | .45 | 2.00 | .49 | 0.75 | .82 | 0.54 | .64 | |||||||
|
|
Native American or American Indian | 1.91 | .31 | 2.11 | .24 | 1.98 | .32 | 2.35 | .21 | |||||||
|
|
Asian | 0.50 | .24 | 0.41 | .14 | 0.49 | .25 | 0.34 | .10 | |||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Hispanic | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
|
|
Non-Hispanic | 1.34 | .39 | 1.02 | .94 | 1.43 | .31 | 1.01 | .99 | |||||||
| Work status | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Working remotely before and after COVID-19 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
|
|
Unemployed prior to COVID-19 | 1.51 | .22 | 0.92 | .79 | 1.33 | .42 | 0.69 | .26 | |||||||
|
|
Work outside home | 1.00 | .99 | 0.97 | .93 | 1.00 | .99 | 0.91 | .78 | |||||||
|
|
No longer working due to COVID-19 | 2.25 | .02e | 1.92 | .06 | 1.80 | .11 | 1.32 | .45 | |||||||
|
|
Working remotely due to COVID-19 | 0.75 | .31 | 0.77 | .36 | 0.72 | .28 | 0.70 | .22 | |||||||
| Insurance | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Full coverage | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
|
|
Partial coverage | 2.67 | .02e | 1.20 | .67 | 2.35 | .04e | 1.05 | .91 | |||||||
|
|
Medicare/Medicaid | 1.22 | .49 | 1.97 | .03e | 1.19 | .58 | 2.18 | .02e | |||||||
|
|
None | 3.22 | .01c | 4.48 | <.001c | 1.84 | .20 | 3.09 | .03e | |||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
|
|
Male | 1.19 | .41 | 0.75 | .19 | 1.33 | .22 | 0.91 | .68 | |||||||
| Household size | 0.91 | .12 | 0.97 | .65 | 0.91 | .13 | 0.99 | .84 | ||||||||
| Financial concern | N/Af | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.49 | <.001c | 1.32 | .01c | ||||||||
| Food access concern | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.29 | .01c | 1.39 | <.001c | ||||||||
| Economy-related concern | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.27 | .08 | 1.29 | .07 | ||||||||
| Illness-related concern | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.97 | .84 | 1.33 | .12 | ||||||||
| Death-related concern | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.21 | .21 | 1.33 | .07 | ||||||||
| Adjusted R2 | .07 | N/A | .09 | N/A | .13 | N/A | .18 | N/A | ||||||||
aPHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item scale.
bGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale.
cP<.05.
dRef: reference.
eP<.01.
fN/A: not applicable.