. 2020 Oct 27;332:109298. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109298

Table 3.

Some common interferons with the efficacy in the treatment in COVID-19. IFN- Interferon; IM-Intramuscular; IV-Intravenous; SC-Sub-cutaneous; PO-Oral; PFOR-Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase; INH- Inhalation; PAR- Parenteral; IP- Intraperitoneal; IFN-α-Interferon alpha; IFN-β- Interferon beta; poly I:C- Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; peg–IFN–λ1a-Peginterferon lambda-1a.

Compound	Chemical Formula	Target	Route	Mechanism of action	COVID-19 Trial Status
IFN-β-1a	C₉₀₈H₁₄₀₈N₂₄₆O₂₅₂S₇	IFN-β receptor 2	SC	Blocking of the key SARS-CoV-1 protease, which results in viral replication inhibition	Phase- 4 (NCT04350671, NCT02735707)
IFN-α-2b	C₁₆H₁₇Cl₃I₂N₃NaO₅S	IFN-α/β receptor 2	IM, SC, IV	Inhibition of protein synthesis, inactivation of viral RNA, and enhancement of phagocytic and cytotoxic mechanisms	Phase 1 (NCT04379518)
IFN-α-con-1	C₈₆₀H₁₃₅₃N₂₂₇O₂₅₅S₉	IFN-α/β receptor 1/2	SC	Induces innate antiviral immune response.	Phase-1 (NCT01227798)
peg–IFN–λ1a	–	IFN-α/β receptor	SC, IV	Preventing virus infection by maintaining an antiviral condition	Phase-2 (NCT04331899)
Nitazoxanide	C₁₂H₉N₃O₅S	PFOR	PO	Antiprotozoal behaviour by interfering with the electron transfer reaction based on PFOR	Phase-2 (NCT04360356)
Novation (Recombinant)	–	IFN-α	INH	Interferon stimulants	Phase-4 (ChiCTR2000029496)
IFN-β-1b	C₉₀₈H₁₄₀₈N₂₄₆O₂₅₃S₆	Leukocytes	SC	Modulates immune response by reducing antigen presence and increasing T-cells suppressors	Phase-2 (NCT04350281)
Calderon (IFN-α-n3)	–	IFN-α/β receptor 1	PO, PAR	Immunomodulating cytokine	Phase-2 (NCT00215826)
poly I:C	C₁₉H₂₇N₇O₁₆P₂	IFN-α	IM, IN, IV, IP	Produces antiviral effects by IFN induction and stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis	Phase- 4 (ChiCTR2000029776)