. 2020 Oct 27;332:109298. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109298

Table 4.

Antibody therapies with effectiveness in current trial activity against COVID-19. TNF- α - Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; VEGF - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; IL-6- Interleukin 6; IL-17 –Interleukin 17; PD-L1/L2- Programmed death-ligand 1/ligand 2; CCR5- Chemokine Receptor type 5; GM–CSF–R -Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor receptor; FCGR1A- High Affinity Immunoglobulin Gamma Fc receptor I; IV-Intravenous; SC-Sub-cutaneous; IVIG- Intravenous immunoglobulin.

Compound	Chemical Formula	Target	Route	Mechanism of action	COVID-19 Trial Status
Adalimumab	C₆₄₂₈H₉₉₁₂N₁₆₉₄O₁₉₈₇S₄₆	TNF- α	S·C	Inhibiting the interaction of TNF- α with the cell surface TNF receptors neutralizing TNF- α bioactivity.	Phase- 4 (ChiCTR2000030089)
Bevacizumab	C₆₆₃₈H₁₀₁₆₀N₁₇₂₀O₂₁₀₈S₄₄	VEGF	I·V	Binds and blocks VEGF	Phase 2 (NCT04275414)
Eculizumab	C₆₄₄₂H₉₉₁₀N₁₆₉₄O₂₀₃₄S₅₀	Complement C5	I·V	Inhibits terminal complement system including the development of membrane attack complex.	Phase- 2 (NCT04346797, NCT04288713)
Sarilumab	C₆₃₈₈H₉₉₁₈N₁₇₁₈O₁₉₉₈S₄₄	IL-6 receptor	I·V	Binds to receptor variants of IL-6, preventing IL-6 pro- and trans-inflammatory signalling cascades.	Phase-3 (NCT04345289) Phase-2 (NCT04315298)
Siltuximab	C₆₄₅₀H₉₉₃₂N₁₆₈₈O₂₀₁₆S₅₀	IL-6 receptor	I·V	Inhibits attachment to soluble and membrane-bound IL-6 receptors and thereby inhibits lymphocyte proliferation.	Phase-3 (NCT04330638) Completed (NCT04322188)
Ixekizumab	C₆₄₉₂H₁₀₀₁₂N₁₇₂₈O₂₀₂₈S₄₆	IL-17 receptor	S·C	Inhibit IL-17 A from connecting to receptor by attenuating an interleukin-mediated inflammatory response 17 A	Phase-3 (NCT02757352)
Tocilizumab	C₆₄₂₈H₉₉₇₆N₁₇₂₀O₂₀₁₈S₄₂	IL-6 receptor	I·V	Inhibits signal transduction by binding sIL-6R and mIL-6R	Phase- 2 (NCT04331808) Phase- 3 (NCT04320615)
Nivolumab	C₆₃₆₂H₉₈₆₂N₁₇₁₂O₁₉₉₅S₄₂	PD-L1/L2 receptor	I·V	Binds to PD-1, blocking PD-L1 and PD-L2 from inhibiting T-cell function, returning tumor-specific T-cell response to a patient	Phase- 2 (NCT04343144, NCT04413838)
Leronlimab	C₆₅₃₄H₁₀₀₃₆N₁₇₂₀O₂₀₄₀ S₄₂	CCR5	S·C	Binds to several extracellular CCR5 receptor sites, inhibiting HIV from reaching the cell	Phase-2 (NCT04347239)
Lenzilumab	C₆₄₇₄H₁₀₀₂₄N₁₇₄₈O₂₀₁₀S₄₂	GM–CSF–R	I·V	Neutralizes GM-CSF binding to and blocking GM-CSF binding to its receptor, thus stopping GM–CSF–mediated signalling to myeloid progenitor cells	Phase-3 (NCT04351152)
Mavrilimumab	C₆₇₀₆H₁₀₄₃₈N₁₇₆₂O₂₁₀₄S₅₄	GM–CSF–R	S·C	Inhibits GM–CSF–R	Phase-2 (NCT04397497, NCT04399980)
Gimsilumab	C₆₇₂₆H₁₀₄₂₈N₁₇₆₄O₂₁₈₄S₃₈	GM–CSF–R	I·V	Inhibition by targeting GM-CSF itself or by targeting the GM-CSF receptor complex.	Phase-2 (NCT04351243)
IVIG	C₆₃₃₂H₉₈₂₆N₁₆₉₂O₁₉₈₀S₄₂	FCGR1A	IV	Reduce the inflammatory response to extreme SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the existence of autoreactive antibodies targeting cytokines or targeting to certain antibodies' vector domains	Phase-2/3 (NCT04261426)