Table 1.

Definitions of exercise training interventions and non-exercise training controls

Type	Definition
Intervention
Resistance	Exercise training designed to improve the strength, power, endurance and size of skeletal muscles151
Stabilisation/motor control	Exercise training targeting specific trunk muscles in order to improve control and coordination of the spine and pelvis66
Pilates	Exercise training following traditional Pilates principles such as centring, concentration, control, precision, flow and breathing152
Yoga	Exercise training following traditional yoga principles with a physical component153
McKenzie	Exercise training following traditional McKenzie principles such as repeated passive spine movements and sustained positions performed in specific directions154
Flexion	Exercise training consisting of controlled movements in flexion only155
Aerobic	Exercises training such as walking, cycling and jogging in any land-based mode that is designed to improve the efficiency and capacity of the cardiorespiratory system151
Water-based	Exercise training performed in deep or shallow water156
Stretching	Exercise training including muscle lengthening using any of the following methods: passive, static, isometric, ballistic or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation157
Other	Exercise training that does not meet any of the specific types of exercise training mentioned above
Multimodal	Two or more of the specific types of exercise training mentioned above (not deemed multimodal if only part of warm up or cool down)
Control
True	No intervention provided
Therapist hands-on	Treatment including manual therapy, chiropractic, passive physiotherapy, osteopathic, massage or acupuncture
Therapist hands-off	Treatment including general practitioner management, education or psychological interventions