Table 3.

Summary of confidence in ranking of treatments for outcomes (GRADE approach) in studies examining the efficacy of exercise training in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain

Outcome	Confidence	Reason for downgrade
Pain	Low	Study limitations,* Inconsistency†
Physical function	Low	Study limitations,‡ Inconsistency†
Mental health	Low	Study limitations,§ Inconsistency†
Muscle strength	Low	Study limitations,¶ Imprecision**

*Evidence came from 91% unclear to high risk of bias studies. See online supplementary figure 2 for additional data on the assessment of transitivity.

†High heterogeneity or inconsistency present.

‡Evidence came from 89% unclear to high risk of bias studies.

§Evidence came from 88% unclear to high risk of bias studies.

¶All evidence from unclear to high risk of bias studies.

**Imprecision of clear most or least favoured treatments.