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. 2020 Oct 26;10:18224. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75404-y

Table 1.

General characteristics of participants.

Characteristics Total participants
Meniere’s disease (n, %) Control (n, %) P value
Age (years old) 1.000
40–44 123 (1.5) 492 (1.5)
45–49 537 (6.6) 2148 (6.6)
50–54 1199 (14.7) 4796 (14.7)
55–59 1407 (17.2) 5628 (17.2)
60–64 1349 (16.5) 5396 (16.5)
65–69 1285 (15.7) 5140 (15.7)
70–74 1151 (14.1) 4604 (14.1)
75–79 736 (9.0) 2944 (9.0)
80–84 316 (3.9) 1264 (3.9)
85 +  80 (1.0) 320 (1.0)
Sex 1.000
Male 2885 (35.3) 11,540 (35.3)
Female 5298 (64.7) 21,192 (64.7)
Income 1.000
1 (lowest) 1397 (17.1) 5588 (17.1)
2 1038 (12.7) 4152 (12.7)
3 1259 (15.4) 5036 (15.4)
4 1707 (20.9) 6828 (20.9)
5 (highest) 2782 (34.0) 11,128 (34.0)
Region of residence 1.000
Urban 3445 (42.1) 13,780 (42.1)
Rural 4738 (57.9) 18,952 (57.9)
Obesitya < 0.001*
Underweight 167 (2.0) 832 (2.5)
Normal 2782 (34.0) 11,587 (35.4)
Overweight 2290 (28.0) 8752 (26.7)
Obese I 2694 (32.9) 10,442 (31.9)
Obese II 250 (3.1) 1119 (3.4)
Smoking status
Nonsmoker 6640 (81.1) 25,851 (79.0) < 0.001*
Past smoker 829 (10.1) 3017 (9.2)
Current smoker 714 (8.7) 3864 (11.8)
Alcohol consumption
< 1 time a week 6209 (75.9) 23,867 (72.9) < 0.001*
≥ 1 time a week 1974 (24.1) 8865 (27.1)
CCI score
0 5128 (62.7) 22,183 (67.8) < 0.001*
1 1690 (20.7) 5447 (16.6)
2 834 (10.2) 3071 (9.4)
3 246 (3.0) 903 (2.8)
≥ 4 285 (3.5) 1128 (3.5)
Benign paroxysmal vertigo 2800 (34.2) 2170 (6.6) < 0.001*
Vestibular neuronitis 900 (11.0) 467 (1.4) < 0.001*
Other peripheral vertigo 1913 (23.4) 1517 (4.6) < 0.001*
Thyroid cancer 81 (0.9) 296 (1.0) 0.469
Period of taking levothyroxine
< 3 month 7793 (95.2) 31,557 (96.4) < 0.001*
≥ 3 month 390 (4.8) 1175 (3.6)
Goiter 462 (5.7) 1377 (4.2) < 0.001*
Hypothyroidism 385 (4.7) 1168 (3.6) < 0.001*
Thyroiditis 174 (2.1) 518 (1.6) < 0.001*
Hyperthyroidism 292 (3.6) 805 (2.5) < 0.001*
Autoimmune thyroiditis 81 (0.99) 219 (0.67) 0.002*

CCI Charlson comorbidity index.

*Chi-square test. Significance at P < 0.05.

aObesity (BMI, body mass index, kg/m2) was categorized as < 18.5 (underweight), ≥ 18.5 to < 23 (normal), ≥ 23 to < 25 (overweight), ≥ 25 to < 30 (obese I), and ≥ 30 (obese II).