Fig. 2. Discrimination and calibration of the predictions of recurrent neural network (RNN) and physicians.

a receiver operating characteristics (ROC), b precision-recall curve, c calibration of physicians, d calibration of RNN. AUC area under curve. H-L Hosmer-Lemeshow-Test³⁶, PR_AUC precision-recall AUC. The RNN outperformed clinical physicians regarding AUC (a) and PR_AUC (b). Physicians systematically underestimated the risk of acute kidney injury (predicted risks < observed risks, c). In contrast, the RNN was overall well calibrated (d).