Table 1.
Effect of biological material, precursor concentration and extract concentration on the morphology of biological nanoparticles
| Plant name and part used | Nanoparticles | Precursor | Concentration of plant extract used | Size | Shape | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aloe vera leaf | Gold and Silver |
1 mM HAuCl4 10 mM AgNO3 |
0.5–4 mL 5 mL |
5–50 nm | Gold-triangular, spherical Silver-spherical | [35] |
| Avena sativa biomass | Gold | 0.1 mM Au(III) | 2 mL | 5–20 nm | Tetrahedral, deca- hedral, hexagonal, icosahedral multitwinned, irregular shape, and rod shape nanoparticles | [36] |
| Black tea leaf extract | Gold and Silver | 0.01 M HAuCl4 AgNO3 | 10 mL | 20 | spherical | [37] |
| Cinnamon zeylanicum bark powder | Silver | 1 mM AgNO3 | 5 mL | 31–40 | cubic, hexagonal | [38] |
| Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf | Gold, Silver |
0.0005 M HAuCl4 0.0008 M AgNO3 |
5 mL 20 mL |
14 13 |
Gold-triangular, hexagonal, dodecahedral and spherical Silver-spherical |
[39] |
| Ocimum sanctum leaf | Gold, Silver |
1 mM AuCl4 1 mM AgNO3 |
30 mL 25 mL |
30 13 |
Gold-hexagonal, prism Silver-spherical |
[40] |
| Parthenium hysterophorus leaf | Silver | 1 mM AgNO3 | 50 mL | 50 | Irregular | [41] |
| Pear fruit extract | Gold | 2 mM HAuCl4 | 500 mL | 200–500 | Triangular, hexagonal | [42] |
| Tamarindus indica leaf | Gold | 1 mM HAuCl4 | 45 mL | 20–40 | triangular | [43] |
| Garcinia mangostana pericarp | Gold, Silver |
10 mM, HAuCl4 10 mM, AgNO3 |
3 mL | 13.65 ± 5.07 to 31.08 ± 3.99 | Nanodumbbell shapes | [44] |
| Terminalia chebula Seed | Gold | 0.01 M HAuCl4 | 2 mL | 6–60 | Triangles, pentagons and spheres | [45] |
| Cassia tora leaf | Gold | 1 mM HAuCl4 | 100 mL | 41-57 | spherical | [46] |
| Madhuca longifolia flower | Silver | 1 mM AgNO3 | 30 mL | 30-50 | Spherical and oval | [47] |
| banana stem | Silver | 2 mM AgNO3 | 9 mL | 75.50 nm to 1.22 μm | Truncated octahedron, rhomb-dodecahedron, cubic, octahedron and octagon | [48] |
| Pine cone | Silver | 1 mM AgNO3 | 45 mL | 1–50 | Triangular and hexagonal | [49] |
| Lycium chinense fruit | Gold, Silver |
1 mM HAuCl4 1 mM AgNO3 |
50 mL | 20–100 nm, 50–200 nm | Polydispersed, spherical | [50] |
| Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) leaves | Platinum | 1mM H2PtCl6 | 190 mL | 23 nm | Spherical | [51] |
| Diopyros kaki leaf | Platinum | 1mM H2PtCl6 | 190 mL | 2–20 nm | Spheres and plates | [52] |
| Curcuma longa tuber | Palladium | 1 mM PdCl2 | 50 mL | 15 to 20 nm | Spherical | [53] |
| Musa ornate flower | Iron | 5 mM FeSO4 | 10 mL | 43.69 nm | [54] | |
| Calotropis Gigantean flower | Iron | 0.01 M FeNO3.9H2O | 10 mL | 50–90 nm | Spherical | [55] |
| eucalyptus leaf | Iron | 0.10 M FeSO4 | 10 mL | 20–80 nm | Spherical | [56] |
| tea powder | Iron | 0.1 N Fe(NO3)3 | 10 mL | 40 to 50 nm | Spherical | [57] |
| Platanus orientalis leaf | Iron oxide | Fe(NO3)3 | 30–40 nm | Spherical | [58] | |
| Ficus carica fruit | Iron oxide | 0.14 M FeCl3.6H2O | 10 mL | 475 nm | Spherical | [59] |
| Conyza Canadensis leaf | Zinc oxide | 0.15 M ZnNO3 | 20 mL in 80 mL | – | Somewhat spherical | [60] |
| Lemongrass leaves | Zinc oxide | ZnNO3 | 50 mL | 85–98 nm | Spherical | [61] |
| Hibiscus subdariffa leaf | Zinc oxide | 91 mM ZnC4H6O4 | 50 mL | 12–46 nm | Spherical, dumbbell shaped | [62] |
| Costus pictus D. Don leaf | Zinc oxide | 0.1 M (Zn(NO3)2 | 50 mL | 40 nm | Elongated, hexagonal and rodshaped | [63] |
| Artemisia abrotanum | Magnesium oxide | Mg (NO3)2 | 90 mL | 10 nm | Spherical | [64] |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum leaf | Magnesium oxide | 5 mM Mg (NO3)2 | 150 mL | 13 nm | Spherical | [65] |
| Punica granatum Peels | Magnesium oxide | MgSO4 0.1 M | 250 mL | 50–65 nm | [66] | |
| Brassica oleracea flower | Magnesium oxide | MgSO4 0.1 M | 250 mL | 30–45 nm |