Fig. 2.

The M protein negatively regulates MAVS-mediated signaling. a Effects of the M protein on activation of the IFNβ promoter, ISRE and NF-κB mediated by various components. HEK293 cells were transfected with the IFNβ promoter, ISRE or NF-κB reporter, M plasmid and the indicated expression plasmids for 20 h before luciferase assays were performed. b, c Effects of the M protein on antiviral gene transcription mediated by various components. HEK293 cells were transfected with M and the indicated expression plasmids for 15 h before qPCR analysis was performed. Graphs show the mean ± SD, n = 3. ns not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (Student’s unpaired t test)