Table 3.
Summary of included multi-component interventions: Design, focus, and effects.
| References | Study Design | Price | Prod | Prom | Place | Other | Intervention Name & Length | Outcome Measures | Food Categories | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ayala et al., Efficacy of a store-based environmental change intervention compared with a delayed treatment control condition on store customers’ intake of fruits and vegetables. (2013). [46] | EXP | P | P | Food marketing campaign 4 months |
Other self-report diet/consumption survey [+, null] |
Fruits and vegetables (fresh, canned, and frozen) | Mixed^^ | |||
| Gittelsohn et al., A food store-based environmental intervention is associated with reduced BMI and improved psychosocial factors and food-related behaviors on the Navajo nation. (2013) [47]. | EXP | P | P | Navajo Healthy Stores 14 months |
Self-report intent to purchase [+, null] Self-report intent to eat [+, null] Self-report purchases [+, null] |
41 healthy food items and 12 unhealthy food items: Beverages (soda) Grains (whole-wheat bread) |
Mixed^^ | |||
| Foster et al., Placement and promotion strategies to increase sales of healthier products in supermarkets in low-income, ethnically diverse neighborhoods: A randomized controlled trial. (2014) [59]. | EXP | P | P | P | In-store marketing strategies intervention 6 months |
Objective store sales data [+, null] |
Beverages Dairy (milk) Frozen meals Grains (cereal) |
Mixed^^ | ||
| Lent et al., A randomized controlled study of a healthy corner store initiative on the purchases of urban, low-income youth. (2014) [48]. | EXP | P | P | Snackin’ Fresh Intervention 2 years |
Self-report purchases [null] | Beverages Grains (bread) Protein (deli meat) Salty snacks (chips) Sweets (candy) |
Null | |||
| Martinez-Donate et al., Evaluation of a pilot healthy eating intervention in restaurants and food stores of a rural community: A randomized community trial. (2015) [49]. | EXP | P | P | Waupaca Eating Smart 10 months |
Self-report purchases [+, null] | Fruits and vegetables | Mixed^^ | |||
| Shin et al., Impact of Baltimore healthy eating zones: An environmental intervention to improve diet among African American youth. (2015) [50]. | EXP | P | P | Baltimore Healthy Eating Zones 8 months |
Self-report purchases [+, −, null] Self-report intent to purchase [+, −] |
Fruits and vegetables Grains (whole wheat bread and cereal) Salty snacks (trail mix) Nuts and seeds |
Mixed^^^ | |||
| Gittelsohn et al., The impact of a multi-level multi-component childhood obesity prevention intervention on healthy food availability, sales, and purchasing in a low-income urban area. (2017) [51]. | EXP | P | P | B’more Healthy Communities for Kids (BHCK), 2 years |
Objective store sales data [+, null] Self-report purchases [null] |
Beverages (soda, energy drinks, water, 100% fruit juice, and unsweetened tea) Dairy (milk and yogurt) Fruits and vegetables (fresh and dried) Grains (cereals and bread) Nuts and seeds Protein (canned tuna and dried beans) Salty snacks (pretzels, and chips) |
Mixed^^ | |||
| Thorndike et al., Choice architecture to promote fruit and vegetable purchases by families participating in the special supplemental program for women, infants, and children (WIC): Randomized corner store pilot study. (2017) [60]. | EXP | P | P | P | Choice architecture intervention 5 months |
Objective store sales data [+] Self-report purchases [+, null] |
Fruits and vegetables | Mixed^^ | ||
| Banerjee & Nayak, Believe it or not: Health education works. (2018) [52]. | EXP | P | P | Healthy food consumption education 2 weeks |
Objective store sales data [+, null] |
Fruits and vegetables (fresh) Grains (whole grain) |
Mixed^^ | |||
| Trude et al., A multilevel, multicomponent childhood obesity prevention group-randomized controlled trial improves healthier food purchasing and reduces sweet-snack consumption among low-income African-American youth. (2018) [61]. | EXP | P | P | P | BHCK 14 months |
Self-report purchases [+, null] | Dairy (string cheese, yogurt, and ice cream) Fruits and vegetables (fresh and canned) Grains (cereals) Salty snacks (popcorn, chips, and pretzels) Sweets (candy, cookies, cakes, pies, and donuts) |
Mixed^^ | ||
| Bird Jernigan et al., A Healthy Retail Intervention in Native American Convenience Stores: The THRIVE Community-Based Participatory Research Study. (2019) [79]. | EXP | P | P | P | P | Tribal Health and Resilience in Vulnerable Environments study 9–12 months |
Other self-report diet/consumption survey [null] | Fruits and vegetables (including fried potatoes) Protein (meat) Salty snacks (chips) |
Null | |
| Trude et al., The impact of a multilevel childhood obesity prevention intervention on healthful food acquisition, preparation, and fruit and vegetable consumption on African-American adult caregivers. (2019) [62]. | EXP | P | P | P | BHCK 14 months |
Other self-report diet/consumption survey [+, null] Self-report purchases [null] |
Fruits and vegetables | Mixed^^ | ||
| Wensel et al., B’more healthy corner stores for moms and kids: Identifying optimal behavioral economic strategies to increase WIC redemptions in small urban corner stores. (2019) [63]. | EXP | P | P | P | B’more Healthy Corner Stores 4 Moms and Kids 1 year |
Objective store sales data [+, −, null] |
Beverages (juice) Dairy Fruits and vegetables (fresh) Grain (miscellaneous grains and cereal) Infant foods and formula Protein |
Mixed^^^ | ||
| Gittelsohn et al., An urban food store intervention positively affects food-related psychosocial variables and food behaviors. (2010) [64]. | QE | P | P | P | Baltimore Healthy Stores 10 weeks |
FFQ [+, null] Self-report intent to purchase [+] |
26 healthy food items: Beverages Dairy (milk) Fruits and vegetables Grains (cereal and pretzels) |
Mixed^^ | ||
| Steeves et al., A rural small food store pilot intervention creates trends toward improved healthy food availability. (2015) [65]. | QE | P | P | P | Maryland Healthy Stores 4 months |
Self-report store sales data [+] | Dairy (milk and cheese) Fruits and vegetables Grains (whole wheat bread) Salty snacks (baked chips) |
Positive | ||
| Surkan et al., Eat Right-Live Well! supermarket intervention impact on sales of healthy foods in a low-income neighborhood. (2016) [66]. | QE | P | P | P | Eat Right-Live Well! (ERLW), 3 months |
Objective store sales data [+] | Beverages (sugar-sweetened beverages [SSBs]) Dairy Fruits and vegetables Grains Salty snacks Sweets |
Positive | ||
| Ortega et al., Substantial improvements not seen in health behaviors following corner store conversions in two Latino food swamps. (2016) [67]. | QE | P | P | P | Proyecto Mercado FRESCO 2 years |
Self-report expenditures [null] Other self-report diet/consumption survey [null] |
Fruits and vegetables | Null | ||
| Adjoian et al., Healthy checkout lines: A study in urban supermarkets. (2017) [68]. | QE | P | P | P | Healthy checkout lanes 2 weeks |
Objective food purchasing data (checkout line observations) [+, −] | Beverages (water and seltzer) Fruits (fresh and dried) Nuts and seeds Salty snacks (granola bars, trail mix, and chips) |
Mixed^ | ||
| Albert et al., A corner store intervention to improve access to fruits and vegetables in two Latino communities. (2017) [69]. | QE | P | P | P | Proyecto MercadoFRESCO 3.5 years |
Self-report purchases [null] Other self-report diet/consumption survey [null] Self-report expenditure [null] |
Fruits and vegetables (fresh, canned, and frozen) | Null | ||
| Payne & Niculescu, Can healthy checkout end-caps improve targeted fruit and vegetable purchases? evidence from grocery and SNAP participant purchases. (2018) [53]. | QE | P | P | Healthy checkout aisle end-caps 1 month |
Objective store sales data [+, null] |
Fruits and vegetables | Mixed^^ | |||
| Gustafson et al., The association between the “Plate it Up Kentucky” supermarket intervention and changes in grocery shopping practices among rural residents. (2019) [70]. | QE | P | P | P | Plate it Up Kentucky 3 months |
Customer receipts [null] Other self-report diet/consumption survey [null] |
Beverages (SSBs) Fruits and vegetables |
Null | ||
| Moran et al., Make It Fresh, for Less! A supermarket meal bundling and electronic reminder intervention to promote healthy purchases among families with children. (2019) [54]. | Study 1: QEStudy 2:EXP | P | P | Study 1: Make it Fresh for Less! Study 2: Electronic reminders 16 weeks |
Objective store sales data [null] Self-report purchases [null] |
Various meal recipe ingredients with and without fruits and vegetables | Null | |||
| Holmes et al., Effect of a grocery store intervention on sales of nutritious foods to youth and their families. (2012) [55]. | Time series | P | P | Healthy Kids Campaign, 12 weeks | Objective food purchasing data (cart checks) [+] Objective store sales data [+, −, null] |
Dairy (milk and string cheese) Fruits and vegetables (fresh) Grains (whole wheat bagels) Nuts and seeds (sunflower seeds) Salty snacks (chips) |
Mixed^^^ | |||
| Chapman et al., Evaluation of three behavioural economics ‘nudges’ on grocery and convenience store sales of promoted nutritious foods. (2019) [56]. | Time series | P | P | Behavioral economic nudges 6 months |
Objective store sales data [+, null] Self-report intent to purchase [+] |
Fruits and vegetables (fresh) Salty snack (granola bars) |
Mixed^^ | |||
| Dannefer et al., Healthy bodegas: Increasing and promoting healthy foods at corner stores in New York City. (2012) [71]. | PE | P | P | P | Healthy Bodegas Initiative 5 months |
Self-report purchases [+] Self-report store sales data [+] |
Dairy (milk) Fruits and vegetables (fresh and canned) Grain (whole-grain bread) Salty Snacks |
Positive | ||
| Paek et al., Assessment of a healthy corner store program (FIT store) in low-income, urban, and ethnically diverse neighborhoods in Michigan. (2014) [72]. | PE | P | P | P | Fit Store Program 6 months |
Other self-report diet/consumption survey [+, null] Self-report purchases [+] |
Beverages (100% fruit juice) Dairy (low-fat milk) Fruits and vegetables (fresh) Grains (whole grain bread and brown rice) Salty snacks Nuts and seeds Legumes |
Mixed^^ | ||
| Gudzune et al., Increasing access to fresh produce by pairing urban farms with corner stores: a case study in a low-income urban setting. (2015) [73]. | PE | P | P | P | Farmers and corner store intervention, 9 weeks |
Objective store sales data [+] | Fruits and vegetables (fresh) | Positive | ||
| Lawman et al., Changes in quantity, spending, and nutritional characteristics of adult, adolescent and child urban corner store purchases after an environmental intervention. (2015) [74]. | PE | P | P | P | Healthy Corner Store Initiative, 12 months |
Objective food purchasing data (bag checks) [null] Self-report expenditure [null] |
Beverages Grains (bread) Protein (deli meat) Salty Snacks (chips) Sweets (candy) |
Null | ||
| Davis et al., Employee and customer reactions to a healthy in-store marketing intervention in supermarkets. (2016) [57]. | PE | P | P | Healthy in-store marketing intervention 6 months |
Self-report purchases [+] | Dairy (milk) Frozen meals Grains |
Positive | |||
| Liu et al., Marketing strategies to encourage rural residents of high-obesity counties to buy fruits and vegetables in grocery stores. (2017) [75]. | PE | P | P | P | PIUKP 4 months |
Other self-report diet/consumption survey [+] | Fruits and vegetables | Positive | ||
| Rushakoff et al., Evaluation of Healthy2Go: a country store transformation project to improve the food environment and consumer choices in Appalachian Kentucky. (2017) [76]. | PE | P | P | P | Healthy2Go 18 months |
Self-report purchases [+] Self-report intent to purchase [+] Other self-report diet/consumption survey [+] |
Beverages (water, soda, and 100% juice) Dairy (milk) Fruits and vegetables (fresh, canned, and frozen) Grains Salty snacks (chips) Nuts and seeds |
Positive | ||
| Woodward-Lopez et al., Changes in consumer purchases in stores participating in an obesity prevention initiative. (2018) [77]. | PE | P | P | P | Kaiser Permanente Healthy Eating and Active Living, 1 year (Zones 1 and 3) and 3 years (Zone 2) |
Objective store sales data [+, −, null] Self-report purchases [+] |
Beverages (SSBs)Fruits and vegetables Salty snacks (chips) Sweets (candy) |
Mixed^^^ | ||
| MacKenzie et al., Healthy Stores Initiative Associated with Produce Purchasing on Navajo Nation. (2019) [58]. | PE | P | P | Healthy Navajo Stores Initiative 1 year |
Self-report purchases [+] | Fruits and vegetables (fresh and frozen) | Positive | |||
| Paluta et al., Evaluating the impact of a healthy corner store initiative on food access domains. (2019) [78]. | PE | P | P | P | Fresh Foods Here 10 months |
Objective store sales data [+] | Healthy items which were classified as low sodium, low fat, and low sugar | Mixed^ |
EXP = experimental; QE = quasi-experiment; PE = pre-experiment; Mixed^ = positive + negative; Mixed^^ = positive + null; Mixed^^^ = positive + null + negative; ‘P’ indicates that the intervention utilized this marketing approach.