1,25-(OH)2D3	1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
ActRIIA	Type II activin receptor
ActRIIB	Type IIB activin receptor
ALK	Activin receptor-like kinases receptor
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
AMH/MIS	Anti-Müllerian hormone/Müllerian inhibiting substance
AMHRII	Anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type II
AP-1	Activator protein 1
APC	Adenomatous polyposis coli
BAMBI	Bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor
BMMs	Bone marrow–derived macrophage
BMP	Bone morphogenetic proteins
BMPRII	Type II BMP receptor
BMU	Basic multicellular unit
BSP	Bone sialoprotein
CA2	Carbonic anhydrase enzymes
CAMKII	Calmodulin-dependent kinase II
CDK8	Cyclin-dependent kinase 8
CEBPα	CCAAT-enhancer binding protein α
CHO	Chinese hamster ovary
CKI	Casein kinase I
CRD	Extracellular N-terminal cysteine-rich domain
CREB	Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein
CSF-1	Colony stimulating factor 1
CTR	Calcitonin receptor
DAG	Diacylglycerol
DAP12	DNAX associated protein 12kD size
Dkk	Dickkopf
DLL	Delta-like
dpp	Drosophila decapentaplegic
DVL	Disheveled
ENG	Endoglin
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FGF	Fibroblast growth factor
FKBP12	FK506 binding protein of 12 kDa
FOP	Fibrodysplasia ossifying
FSH	Follicle-stimulating hormone
Fz	Frizzled
GDF	Growth differentiation factors
Grb2	Growth factor receptor bound protein 2
GSK3 β	Glycogen synthase kinase-3 β
GS motif	Gly/Ser rich motif
HAT	Histone acetyltransferases
HES	Hairy enhancer of split
HEY	HES-related with YRPW motif
HO	Heterotopic ossification
ID1	DNA binding protein 1
IGF	Insulin like growth factor
IL	Interleukins
IP3	Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate
I-Smad	Inhibitory Smad
JAG	Jagged
JNK	c-Jun amino (N)-terminal kinases
LAP	Latency associated peptide
LEF	Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor
LGR4	Leucine rich repeat containing G-coupled receptor 4
LRP5/6	Low-density-lipoprotein-related protein 5/6
LTBP	Latent TGF-β binding protein
MAML	Adaptor protein Mastermind-like
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
M-CSF	Macrophage- colony stimulating factor
MH1	Mad homology 1 domain
miRNAs	microRNAs
MITF	Micropthalmia-associated transcription factor
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteases
MSCs	Mesenchymal stem cells
NFATc1	Nuclear factor of activated T cells
NF-κB	Nuclear factor of κB
NICD	Notch intracellular domain
ODF	Osteoclast differentiation factor
OPG	Osteoprotegerin
OPGL	Osteoprotegerin ligand
OSCAR	Osteoclast-associated receptor
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PKC	Protein kinase C
PLC	Phospholipase C
PPARγ	Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor γ
PPM1A	Protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A
RANKL	Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand
rhBMP2/7	rhBMP-2/BMP-7 heterodimer
R-Smad	Receptor-regulated Smad proteins
Runx2	Runt-related transcription factor 2
SARA	Smad anchor for receptor activation protein
sFRPs	Fz-related proteins
SGFs	Sarcoma growth factors
SIBLING	Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein
Smad	Small mothers against decapentaplegic
Smurf	Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor
TAB1	TAK1-binding protein 1
TACE	Tumor Necrosis Factor α-converting enzyme
TAK1	Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1
TβRII	TGF-βRII
TCF	T cell factor
TNF	Tumor necrosis factor
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor β
TRAFs	Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors
TRANCE	Tumor necrosis factor-related activation-induced cytokine
TRAP	Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
TREM2	Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2
TSP1	Thrombospondin 1
v-ATPase	Vacuolar protons -transporting adenosine triphosphatase pump
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor