Table 3.
Quality of life and psychosocial outcomes child (parent‐reported)
| Questionnaire | N | PICU | N | GW | P valuea | Adjusted P valueb | Norm mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Posttraumatic stress (CRTI)c | N = 1440 | ||||||
| Intrusion | 34 | 10.3 (4.7) | 34 | 9.7 (3.7) | .48 | .37 | 12.5 (5.4) |
| Avoidance | 34 | 16.6 (8.2) | 34 | 13.8 (4.9) | .09 | .19 | 22.5 (8.2) |
| Arousal | 34 | 10.0 (4.3) | 34 | 9.2 (4.8) | .21 | .53 | 11.3 (4.6) |
| Other child‐specific responses | 34 | 15.7 (5.8) | 34 | 13.9 (5.7) | .09 | .31 | 18.5 (6.9) |
| Total score | 34 | 52.7 (18.7) | 34 | 46.6 (16.4) | .15 | .22 | NA |
| PTSD—intrusion | 34 | 7.8 (3.6) | 34 | 7.2 (2.9) | .46 | .29 | NA |
| PTSD—avoidance | 34 | 11.2 (5.9) | 34 | 9.2 (3.6) | .10 | .16 | NA |
| PTSD—arousal | 34 | 8.5 (3.7) | 34 | 7.7 (4.0) | .21 | .50 | NA |
| PTSD—total score | 34 | 27.5 (11.0) | 34 | 24.1 (8.7) | .23 | .19 | NA |
| PTSD—three times a score of 4 or 5d | 34 | 7 (21) | 34 | 3 (9) | .17 | .14 | NA |
| Emotional and behavioral problems (CBCL)e | N = 1451 | ||||||
| Internalizing | 44 | 8.2 (6.7) | 63 | 7.6 (5.8) | .63 | .64 | 6.64 (5.7) |
| Externalizing | 44 | 9.2 (8.3) | 63 | 11.1 (7.2) | .20 | .63 | 6.32 (5.9) |
| Total problem score | 44 | 30.1 (20.3) | 63 | 30.4 (18.2) | .94 | .60 | 23.91 (16.7) |
| Social impact (semi‐structured interview)f | NA | ||||||
| Absence from school after admission | 43 | 27 (63) | 57 | 28 (49) | .17 | .12 | NA |
| Time to reach full schooldays after admission, in days (range) | 27 | 10 (2‐40) | 28 | 4 (1‐8) | .001 | .001 | NA |
| Limitations of social activities | 43 | 11 (26) | 54 | 14 (26) | .97 | .52 | NA |
| Playing sports | 42 | 28 (67) | 55 | 32 (58) | .39 | .93 | NA |
| Professional help after admission | 45 | 4 (9) | 56 | 4 (7) | 1.00 | NA | NA |
Note: Intrusion between 7 and 49, avoidance 11 and 55, arousal 6 and 30, other child‐specific responses between 10 and 50. High scores imply worse functioning. The overall score of the PTSD CRTI will be between 17 and 85. PTSD Intrusion between 5 and 25, PTSD avoidance 7 and 35, PTSD arousal 5 and 25. Data were not normally distributed for PAQLQ, VAS, and CRTI, and adjusted P values for these outcomes should be considered as indicative only. Bold values are with a P < .05.
Abbreviations: CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; GW, general ward; PAQLQ, Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire; PICU, pediatric intensive care; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SD, standard deviation; VAS, Visual Analog Scale.
P values (unadjusted) based on t tests or Mann‐Whitney tests (continuous outcomes) and χ 2 or Fisher exact tests (dichotomous outcomes).
Adjusted P value based on multiple linear or logistic regression adjusted for age, asthma treatment level, and Caucasian/non‐Caucasian.
Data are in mean (SD). The overall score of the Children's Responses to Trauma Inventory (CRTI) will be between 34 and 170.
Data are in number (%). Three times a PTSD score of 4 or 5 implicates that the child needs professional help.
Data are in mean (SD). Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) = items of these questionnaires were rated on a 3‐point scale (0 = not true; 1 = somewhat or sometimes true; 2 = very true/often true).
Data are in number (%), only time to reach full schooldays is presented as mean (range).