Table 1.

Therapeutic agents targeting Aβ peptides in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Therapeutic Agents Targeting Amyloidogenic Events	Action	Ref.
Novel beta-secretase inhibitor (KMI-429) with hydroxy-methyl-carbonyl (HMC) isostere	Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1) blockers	[52]
N-benzoyl-oxy-carbonyl-valine-leucine-leucinal (Z-VLL-CHO, C25H39N3O5)	β-secretase inhibitor, BACE1 blocker	[2]
Beta-secretase inhibitor GRL-8234	β-secretase inhibitor	[54,55,56,57]
Iso-liquiritigenin	BACE1 inhibitor	[59]
(R)-6-[(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-ylmethoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2-naphthalene-ethan-amine hydrochloride monohydrate (TAK-070, C27H31NO)	BACE1 inhibitor	[54]
BIIB042	γ-secretase modulator	[63]
NGP328 and NGP555	γ-secretase modulator	[64]
SGSM-36	γ-secretase modulator	[67]
LY450139	γ-secretase inhibitor	[54]
Aβ fragments in conjugation with poly-lysine	Active immunotherapeutic agents	[2]
NAB61	Passive immunotherapeutic agent	[78]
Anti-beta-amyloid monoclonal antibody (BAM-10)	Passive immunotherapeutic agent	[81]
Neprilysin (NEP)	Aβ load-reducing enzyme	[2]
Endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE)	Aβ load-reducing enzyme	[84]
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε)	ECE enhancer, Aβ load reducer	[85]
Serine protease plasmin	Amyloid degradation	[87]
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)	Amyloid degradation	[88,89,90]
Estrogen	MMP-2, -9 enhancer, Aβ clearance	[91]
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters	Prevent Aβ accumulation	[2]
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)	Prevent Aβ accumulation	[2]
Aβ16-20	Aβ-aggregation inhibitor	[94]
Aβ15-25	Aβ-aggregation inhibitor	[13]
OR-2	Aβ-aggregation inhibitor	[97]
RI-OR2	Aβ-aggregation inhibitor	[98]
Aggregated human beta-amyloidAN1792	Active immunotherapeutic reagent	[71]
Bapineuzumab	Monoclonal antibody	[54]
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)	Aβ accumulation inhibitor	[115]
Statins	Aβ degradation promoter	[54]
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (i.e., ibuprofen)	Curbed Aβ levels and ROS mitigation, γ-secretase modulator	[119,120,121]
Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) nanosheets	Destabilization of β-sheets	[123]
Congo red	Amyloid-inhibiting dye	[124,125]
Methylene blue	Amyloid-inhibiting dye	[126,127]
Thioflavin T	Amyloid-inhibiting dye	[128]
Orcein	Amyloid-inhibiting dye	[129]
Curcumin	Amyloid-inhibiting dye	[130]
Epi-gallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	Aβ fibrillization inhibitor	[133]
Silibinin	Aβ aggregation inhibitor	[134]
Proline	β-sheet breaker	[135]
NeuroDefend	Aβ load reduction	[136]
Naturally obtained dietary flavonoids	CDK-5 and GSK-3β inhibitors, secretase enzyme modulators, Aβ aggregation inhibitors	[137,138]
Autacoid local injury antagonist amides (ALIAmides) (palmitoyl ethanol amide, PEA)	Anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperalgesia and lipid metabolism regulator	[107,110]
Ultra-micronized form of PEA and luteolin	Neuroinflammation amelioration	[107,108]