Table 1.

Summary of the photoprotective effects of anthocyanins in different models.

Sources	Anthocyanin Components	Study Models	Biological Effects	Reference
—	Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside	HaCat human keratinocytes; SKH1-hairless mouse skin; Human dermal fibroblasts; JB6 P+ mouse keratinocytes	$\downarrow$ UVB-mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage; $\downarrow$ UVB-induced MMP-1 expression; $\downarrow$ UVB-induced COX-2 expression (via MAPKK4 and PI-3K targeting) and PGE2 production	[78,79,80]
—	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	JB6 P+ mouse keratinocytes	$\downarrow$ UVB-induced COX-2 expression (via MKK4, MEK1, and Raf-1 targeting) and PGE2 production	[81]
—	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	Human keratinocytes	$\downarrow$ UVB-induced cellular morphology change and toxicity $\downarrow$ UVB-induced ROS generation $\downarrow$ UVB-induced COX-2 expression	[82]
Topical formulation with blueberry extract (Vaccinium myrtillus)	n.s.	HaCat human keratinocytes; Zebrafish; Human skin explants	$\uparrow$ penetration of the stratum corneum (liposomal formulation) $\downarrow$ UVC and UVA-mediated cytotoxicity $\uparrow$ wound repair	[84]
Bog blueberry extract (Vaccinium uliginosum L.)	Cyanidin, Petunidin, Malvidin and Delphinidin-3-O-glucosides; Delphinidin-3-O-arabinose	Human dermal fibroblasts (HFF-1)	$\downarrow$ UVB-induced MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13; $\downarrow$ UVB-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF- α, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1β	[85]
Purple-fleshed sweet potato extract	Cyanidin and Peonidin-3-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-O-sophoroside-5-O-glucosides; Cyanidin and Peonidin 3-(caffeoyl)-O-sophoroside-5-O-glucosides; Cyanidin and Peonidin 3-(feruloyl)-O-sophoroside-5-O-glucosides	BALB/c-nu mouse skin	$\downarrow$ UVB-induced oxidative stress Prevention of UVB-induced water loss, collagen degradation, epidermal hyperplasia and wrinkle formation; $\downarrow$ UVB-induced production and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6;	[86]
Topical formulation with strawberry extract enriched with coenzyme Q10	Pelargonidin and Cyanidin-3-O-glucosides; Pelargonidin-3-(malonyl)-O-glucoside; Pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside	Human dermal fibroblasts (HuDe)	$\downarrow$ UVA-mediated cytotoxicity	[92]
Seed coat of black soya bean extract	Cyanidin, Peonidin and Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside	—	$\downarrow$ Human and mushroom tyrosinase	[95]
Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus L.)	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, Cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside	Mouse melanocytes (B16F10); Zebrafish	$\downarrow$ Melanogenesis by activation of ERK signaling pathway	[96]
Bilberry extract	Delphinidin 3-galactoside delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside, delphinidin 3-arabinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-glucoside malvidin 3-arabinoside	Human adult RPE cells (ARPE-19)	$\downarrow$ Photooxidation of pyridinium bisretinoid A2E	[103]
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)	-	Human adult RPE cells (ARPE-19)	$\uparrow$ Upregulate the oxidative stress defense enzymes HO-1 and GST-pi	[104]
Maqui berry extract (Aristotelia chilensis)	Delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside and delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside	Murine photoreceptor cells (661W)	$\downarrow$ Light-induced photoreceptor degeneration by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38	[105]
Blueberry extract	Malvidin, malvidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-galactoside	human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCECs)	$\uparrow$ SOD and catalase $\downarrow$ Inhibition of ICAM-1 and NF-κβ	[106]
Blueberry anthocyanins bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus)		Rats	$\downarrow$ Diabetes-induced retinal abnormalities through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, $\downarrow$ Decreased retinal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression $\uparrow$ Degradation of zonula occludens-1, occludin and claudin-5	[107,108]
Black soybean seeds		Rat retinal neurons	$\downarrow$ damage induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea	[109]