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. 2020 Jul 4;18(11):2354–2363. doi: 10.1111/pbi.13400

Figure 3.

Figure 3

APIP4 positively regulates rice immunity against M. oryzae. (a) Punch inoculation of the apip4 plants. Leaves of eight‐week‐old rice plants were inoculated with the virulent isolate RB22. The leaves were photographed at 14 dpi. (b, c) Relative lesion area (left) and relative fungal biomass (right) were measured 14 dpi. Data shown are means of three replicates. Error bars indicate the SEM (**P < 0.01; n = 3). (d) Punch inoculation of APIP4‐OX and NPB plants. Leaves of eight‐week‐old rice plants were inoculated with the virulent isolate RB22. The leaves were photographed 14 d post‐inoculation (dpi). (e, f) Relative lesion area (left) and relative fungal biomass (right) were measured at 14 dpi. Data shown are means of three replicates. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM) (**P < 0.01; n = 3). (g, h) Induction of defence‐related genes OsPR1a (g) and OsPAD4 (h) in the APIP4‐OX transgenic and NPB plants by qRT‐PCR. Significance was determined at *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 (n = 3) with a t‐test. (i) Trypsin inhibitor activity of APIP4 in the APIP4‐OX transgenic plants. In vivo trypsin inhibitor activity was detected by incubation of an increasing volume of the protoplasts isolated from APIP4‐OX transgenic plants with trypsin at 37°C for 20 min. NPB was used as the negative control.