Figure 8.

MV-associated RNA induces IFN-β largely through endosomal TLR signaling in murine macrophages. (A) Wild-type and Myd88^−/−/TRIF^−/− BMDMs were treated with 2 µM CpG DNA, 1 µg/mL 2′3-cGAMP, or bMVs (5 µg/mL total protein) for 3 h at 37 °C, 5% CO₂. (B–E) Wild-type, IRF3^−/−/IRF7^−/−, TLR3^−/−, TLR7^−/−, TLR9^−/− NR-9456 macrophage cells were stimulated with bMVs (10 µg/mL total protein) or with HEPES-NaCl (NT control) for 3 h. Treated macrophages were homogenized and β-actin and IFN-β mRNA expression levels were measured using qPCR. Data are expressed as means ± SE of triplicate samples and are representative of three independent experiments. n.s, not significant; *p ≤ 0.05; **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.