Table 1.
Ion channels in glioma.
| Channel Type | Cell/Tumour Model | Effect on Gliomagenesis | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eag1 (Kv10.1) | GBM Cell Lines Human Glioma |
Suppression of Eag1 sensitises GBM cells to TMZ. Gliomas, despite of their grade, tend to overexpress Eag1 Kv10.1 expression confers a significantly longer overall survival |
[47,48,49] |
| NaV1.6 Nav1.1 |
Human Glioma GBM Cell Line |
High expression in glioma tissue compared to normal brain. Knock down of SCN8A decreases glioma cell viability. NaV1.1 and NaV1.6 play role in cytokines release in glial cells |
[50,51] |
| TRPM3 | GBM cell lines | High expression of TRPM3 linked to decreased median survival | [50,52] |
| P2RX4 | Human glioma | High expression of P2RX4 linked to decreased median survival Silencing suppresses glioma cell growth through BDNF/TrkB/ATF4 signaling pathway |
[50,53] |
| CLCN3 | GBM cell lines | Reduced expression of CLCN3 inhibits migration of GBM cells CLCN3 suppression can sensitize glioma cells to cisplatin through lysosomal dysfunction |
[54,55] |
| CLCN6 | Human Glioma | Down regulated in human glioma, significantly increased risk of death. | [54] |
| CLIC1 | Human Glioma GBM cell lines Glioma stem cell |
CLICL1 is up-regulated in human glioma, conferred poor overall survival CLIC1 silencing reduced proliferative, clonogenic, and tumorigenic capacity of stem/progenitor cells Inhibition of CLIC1 at G1/S transition by metformin is a has an antiproliferative effect in glioblastoma Biguanide inhibition impairs GSC viability, invasiveness, and self-renewal |
[54,56,57,58] |
| CLIC4 | Human Glioma GBM cell lines |
Down regulated in human glioma, significantly increased risk of death. Knockdown of CLIC4 enhances ATP-induced HN4 cell apoptosis through mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways |
[54,59] |
| P2RX7 | Human Glioma | Down regulated in human glioma, significantly increased risk of death. P2 × 7 receptor antagonism inhibits tumour growth |
[54,60,61] |
| VDAC2 | Human Glioma | Highly expressed in glioma tissues | [54] |
| SLC12A1 | GBM cell lines | Overexpression inhibits glioma cell proliferation | [62] |
| ENaC | GBM cell lines | Enhances glioma motility. Toxin inhibits whole cell current in GBM cells γENaC subunits present in glioma samples, but not healthy astrocytes. |
[62,63] |
| ASIC1 | GBM cell lines | Involved in glioma cell shrinkage, enhancing invasive capacity. Psalmotoxin inhibits whole cell currents in GBM cells Mambaglin-2 inhibits cell growth |
[63,64,65,66,67] |
| TRPC6 | GBM cell lines | Mediator of notch driven invasiveness in glioma Knock down of gene inhibits invasion |
[68] |
| AQP1 | GBM cell lines | High expression enhances migration | [69] |
| Kir1.4 | GBM Cell lines | Overexpression halts glioma cell division | [70] |
| ClC-2, -3 & -5 | GBM Cell Lines Human Glioma |
High expression levels Mediates cell shrinkage of invading cells CIC3 is a critical regulator of the cell cycle in malignant cells |
[44,71,72] |