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. 2020 Oct 26;10:18215. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75209-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ADV APP23 mice show increased Aβ plaque load and elevated numbers of microglia in the hippocampus. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are increased by SRD but only in the PRE group. (a,b) Aβ plaque load represented by the percentage of area covered with pFTAA-positive plaques in the hippocampus and cortex of PRE (a) and ADV mice (b). (c,d) Number of microglia/macrophages expressing Iba1⁺ per mm³ in the hippocampus of PRE (c) and ADV mice (d). (e,f) TNF-α levels [pg/mg] in the hippocampus of PRE (e) and ADV (f) mice. (g,h) IL-1β levels [pg/mg] in the hippocampus of PRE (g) and ADV (h) mice. (i,j) IL-6 levels [pg/mg] in the hippocampus of PRE (i) and ADV (j) mice. Each box represents the 25th to 75th percentile, the line represents the median, whiskers reach from minimum to maximum. An asterisk indicates significant differences between groups regardless of significance level (p < 0.05), according to nonparametric multiple contrast Tukey-type test. WT wild type control, APP23 transgenic mouse model, PRE pre-plaque stage, ADV advanced-plaque stage, CD control, SRD sucrose-rich, Chia chia seed supplementation, Iba1 allograft inflammatory factor 1, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IL interleukin.